How I Saved a Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

J.C Penny New Challenges in the Changing Workplace Research Paper

J.C Penny New Challenges in the Changing Workplace - Research Paper Example J.C Penny encounters the test of pulling in and holding profoundly experienced information laborers, including, engineers, physical and PC researchers. Especially, J.C Penny has needed to battle with expanded work turnover among the information laborers. By the by, J.C. Penny has been forceful in creating systems for compelling administration of these information laborers. Right off the bat, J.C. Penny keeps on giving viable prize frameworks that guarantee that the information laborers are fulfilled and propelled towards guaranteeing association achievement. Besides, J.C Penny gives serious and specific preparing to the information laborers with the point of improving their viability, profitability and guaranteeing that their abilities don't get old because of the exceptionally unique mechanical condition. Another contemporary test that J.C Penny faces is the administration of unforeseen and brief representatives inside the working environment. Griffin (2012) characterizes unforeseen representatives are those working for the association in under various business courses of action other than full-time or perpetual premise. The greatest test for J.C. Penny is finding some kind of harmony among lasting and unforeseen laborers, and planning differential prize and motivating force procedure for these arrangement of representatives. J.C Penny has anyway executed various methodologies for powerful administration of unforeseen and impermanent laborers inside the association. Right off the bat, J.C Penny participates in cautious arranging before drawing in and incorporating these representatives inside the workforce. Furthermore, J.C. Penny takes part in persistent appraisal and assessment of the expenses and advantages of drawing in these representatives before arriving at significant choices on the structure of the human

UCF 2020 Essay Topics

UCF 2020 Essay TopicsUCF 2020 Essay Topics: Overview For this year's competition, the University of Chicago has selected six essay topics and assigned them to its faculty members. Each topic is intended to be both challenging and intellectually challenging, and it will also be a topic that students are most likely to enjoy writing about. The specific essay topics have been arranged in order of the most difficult to the easiest, and they include topics such as Poetry, Politics, Science Fiction, Nonfiction, Film, and Literature.In addition to the guidelines for writing each essay, there are also a number of essays that will not be accepted. These include 'headline' topics and special topics. The headline essay topic, or a topic related to the course title, includes: 'Politics of Slavery,' 'Comedians in History,' 'Anthropology of War,' 'Anglo-American Relations,' 'Public Health,' 'AIDS,' and 'Whiteness.' Special topics, on the other hand, include topics like 'Russian Revolution,' 'Eleme nts of Jewish Autobiography,' 'The British Romantic Movement,' and 'The Art of Cooking.'Additionally, UCF includes several essays that the faculty is encouraging students to write for their classes, and these are offered as UCF Essay Topics. One of these is titled 'Power,' which asks students to focus on how people make use of their power to shape their lives and society.Another is called 'History and Aesthetics of Contemporary Art,' which examines art through the lens of its aesthetics. Another is called 'Lectures in Moral Philosophy,' which takes a look at a variety of moral and ethical issues, from the sublime to human rights to religion. Finally, the third essay is entitled 'Art and Life,' which looks at how people make meaning in their day-to-day lives.Once the UCF essay topics have been chosen, the rest of the work will be to write a well-written and cohesive essay. Some of the key elements for a well-written UCF essay include thorough research, the ability to clearly express your ideas, the ability to reflect on a theme, and the ability to connect your ideas to another point in your life.To get an idea of what sorts of materials to consider when developing a UCF essay, students should review the following material: one to two different survey papers; a short story or novel; a literary analysis; a research paper; an honors thesis; and a thesis statement. Students should also review the following resources for helpful suggestions on writing and thinking about UCF 2020 essay topics: tips on essay writing, tips on essay topics, UCF essay topic choices, and some personal thoughts on essay topics. For those who are writing an honors thesis, the American College Writing Center offers a short guide to writing an honors thesis.No matter what the topic of your essay, it is essential that you research the topic thoroughly before beginning your UCF essay. Your research should focus on the subject you want to discuss. If you want to explore issues related to healthc are, for example, you will need to research public health and its relation to healthcare systems and practices.Another important aspect to remember when writing your UCF essay is to be honest and ethical. For this reason, many online software developers have developed writing software that will assist you with this aspect of the task.

Human Resource Planning and Job Analysis - 2980 Words

Majan College (University College) Faculty of Business Management Human Resource Management (BC 15-2) Human Resource Planning and Job Analysis Human Resource Planning and Job Analysis are one of most important aspect that an organization either national or international company looks it in details in achieving its objective. In my essay I am going to give the definitions of Human Resource Planning (HRP) and Job Analysis (JA); the method and steps to use HRP and JA, the importance and the berries of using HRP and JA. Pizza Hut is a multinational example of company that have effective Human resources. Human Resource Planning (HRP) is an ongoing process of systematic plan to the best use of human resource requirement in order to†¦show more content†¦The first element is the forecasting labor demand means the company needs to predict the number of required staff. It estimates numbers and kinds of employees needs in the future. Some factors is needs to be estimated in order to forecast employees demand such as firm’s goods and services demand, its growth of exceptions, the internal financial business and the economy situations. Then the forecast is converted to employees requirements. The second element is the analyzing present labor means the company evaluating its supply or existing staff. There are some factors that need to be included in this evaluation such as educations, mobility, unemployment rate and government law, and existing and potential employees. To examine all these factors will help the company to determine the needed employee can be get internally or externally. The third element is balancing excepting demand and supply means to balance employee supply with employee demand. The company needs to know if there is shortage or surplus of forecasted workers. If it is found that there is shortage, then the company should have a creative recruiting method and preparing for training program for new staff. If there is surplus, then the company needs to consider lay off or retirement of employees. There are benefits that the company gets in applying an effective of HRP. One of it is the top management will be awareShow MoreRelatedRewarding Employees Through Compensation and the Role Job Analysis and Hr Planning Has on the Organisations Performance with Strategic Human Resource Management and Remedies6185 Words   |  25 PagesREWARDING EMPLOYEES THROUGH COMPENSATION AND THE ROLE JOB ANALYSIS AND HR PLANNING HAS ON THE ORGANISATIONS PERFORMANCE WITH STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND REMEDIES CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 4 2. ASSIGNMENT ONE Read MoreHow Strategic Management Plan And The Human Resource Planning Process1410 Words   |  6 Pagesanalyze on an ongoing basis to enhance the strategic plan of the organization. The relationship between the eight elements of the staffing process and the human resource planning process helps to determine where there may be a problem and what is needed to bring about a long-term solution. Another approach connected to the human resource planning activities is the organization‘s strategic development and implementation as charted in our text by Plunkett, Allen, and Attner, (2013). As we examine theseRead MoreHuman Resources Planning And Human Resource Planning1603 Words   |  7 PagesHuman resource handle administrative functions in an organisation and Human resource planning expand strategies for relating the skills and size of manpower to enterprise needs. In simple words the planning system makes recruitment, gives training and restructures the staff requirement to meet the organisational goals and changes within the environment. Human resource planning is a paramount component of Human resource management. B.J Smith (1992) describes that Human resource planning is the legalRead MoreHuman Resource Management and Strategic Human Resource Management1136 Words   |  5 Pages2010, Managing Human Resources, 3rd edn, John Wiley Sons, Milton, Qld. In chapter 1 of the text, the author shows an overview of human resource management and strategic human resource management. The author also shows the relationship between HRM and management, manager’s role meaning of strategy, strategic approach to HRM and strategic challenges. Lots of diagrams and explanations are used by the author. This chapter has contributed to my understanding of strategic human resource management byRead MoreAn Investigation On Hrm Practices Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesEdacochin. 2 Asst.Professor, Dept. of Commerce, Siena College Edacochin. 3 Asst.Professor, Dept. of Commerce, Siena College Edacochin. ABSTRACT Human Resource Management is a practice of bringing people and organizations together so that the goals of each are met. It is the part of the management practices which is concerned with the management of human resources is an organization. It tries to secure the best from people by winning their whole hearted co –operation. It may be defined as â€Å"the art of procuringRead MoreHr of Honda816 Words   |  4 PagesAnh Vu Class: EMBA10A Subject: Human Resource Management in Honda Vietnam – Planning and Job design 1. Honda HR planning Human resource planning uses data from the analysis of labor supply and demand to forecast the shortages and surpluses of labor force. In order to build an effective human resource planning, â€Å"the organization needs to identify the appropriate goals† and â€Å"formulate and implement a planning process gathered†. A model overview the whole planning process has been developed: Read MoreEssay about The Art of War and Human Resource1709 Words   |  7 Pages27, 2011 The Art of War and Human Resource The field of Human Resource coincides with Sun Tzu’s The Art of War in many approaches. â€Å"The art of war is of vital importance to the State. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry, which can on no account be neglected† (Tzu). This book was based on military strategies but in reality these strategies can be used in all job fields such as the Human Resources. Sun Tzu broke down each chapterRead MoreEssay on Staffing and Recruiting 1726 Words   |  7 Pages(RO) refers to the learner’s analysis and judgment of events. The learner’s RO allows him/her to retain memory of the experience and to generate concepts and generalization. Trainers may stimulate RO by asking questions and facilitating discussion. The learner develops abstract concepts from concepts and generalizations. It allows the learner to apply theory to practice. Active experimentation is the process whereby the learner relates theory and application by planning and implementing applicationRead MoreIncentives To Satisfy The Desires For The Differing Generations.These Incentives Could Include742 Words   |  3 Pagesrelated to planning for retirement, training older workers, and motivating workers whose careers have plateaued† (Noe, pg. 31). In addition, each generation has different reasons for motivation, so HR and leaders will have to encompass this variety in order to keep their talent engaged and retained. Embracing diversity and being aware of bias will be challenges when recruiting and hiring talent. To develop a program to attract talent it requires there to be job analysis when designing of jobs, planningRead MoreTrends in the Workplace1146 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Running head: Trends in the Workplace Trends in the Workplace Assignment 1 HRM-500 Human Resources Management Foundations March 10, 2014 Material Requirements Planning (MRP) is a production planning and inventory control system used to manage the manufacturing process. Most MRP systems are software-based. However, it is possible to conduct MRP by hand as well. The intent of a MRP system is to simultaneously meet three objectives; (1) Ensure materials are available for production

Test Corrections Essay - 643 Words

1. According to Boyer, which of the following is true of New England families? C. While encountering serious legal restrictions, women were freer than their European counterparts 3. The explorations of Ponce de Leon, Navarez, and Coronado are important to American history for which of significance of the following? B. they discovered nothing 5. Which of the following factors helped in the ultimate survival of Jamestown? E. Political freedom and the recruitment of women 7. The chief purpose of the headright and patroonship systems was to... E. Increase the population of the colonies. 10. Which of the following is true of colonial New England? E. It was the least mercantilistic of the sections. 11. Which of the following is true of the†¦show more content†¦C. It established separation of church and state, It granted suffrage to more people than most New England colonies 27. Which of the following is true of the Southern colonies? A. It lacked a large middle class. 28. By 1700, New England towns tended to show†¦ C. A more heterogeneous philosophical makeup than earlier. 29. The French tended to attract stronger Indian support than the British primarily because†¦ A. They made fewer demands on the Indian lands 30. Social mobility in the colonies tended to be based on†¦ D. wealth 32. Slavery developed as an institution in the American South because†¦ B. The indentured servant system failed to provide an adequate labour supply. 35. Mercantilism embodied which of the following? C. Private Property was subordinates to public good; Colonies were to serve as dumping grounds for excess labour. 36. Which of the following is a significant similarity in the early development of Jamestown and Plymouth? C. Private property and representative government were established early/ 37. Which of the following was true of the Middle colonies? D. They were settled by ethnically heterogeneous people, they became known as the â€Å"breadbasket† colonies. 38. The Restoration, the Glorious Revolution, the English Civil War, and Queen Anne’s War all represented D. events in which contributed to salutary neglect. 39. The trade and navigation acts were B. Generally accepted in the South, Beneficial to both England and theShow MoreRelatedTest Corrections1937 Words   |  8 Pages2. John Wesley is associated with the founding of what religious sect? I chose to omit this question because I couldn’t remember with which â€Å"ism† John Wesley was associated. The correct answer is c. Methodism because in the â€Å"Impact of the Enlightenment† PowerPoint, a parenthetical mentions John Wesley in the description of Methodism. 6. Romanticism changed the direction of the Enlightenment by emphasizing†¦ I answered a. skepticism which is incorrect because skepticism was more ofRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Is A Big Part Of Why We Have Order1205 Words   |  5 Pagesjustice system is a big part of why we have order. If there was no criminal justice system and its components that keep it running, the population would run wild. There are three major components of the criminal justice system, the criminal courts, corrections, and law enforcement. These components help uphold the law and protect people from others who do break the law. The world is not perfect, but there have been many examples in real life and in literature and films that show what a world would beRead MoreAffordable Care Act Research Paper1123 Words   |  5 Pageshave liked to understand the average number of staff compared to medical staff the procedure for advanced medical care, and exactly how much money is contributed go that part of the prison system. What Services are Offered? When entering the corrections system, inmates enter with many different illnesses and diseases. These ailments range between physical, mental, and emotional. While there are medical resources to alleviate most of these, I was interested to know if those resources were beingRead MoreThe Three Components Of The Criminal Justice System1323 Words   |  6 PagesIn the criminal justice system, there are many components and rules that everyone must follow. The main three components are law enforcement, courts, and corrections. All three of these components interact with each other at one point or another in the criminal justice system. In the first phase, you have the law enforcement these are people that are looking for the individuals that are breaking the law. According to Smith (2017), â€Å"Law enforcement personnel are also responsible for bringing forthRead MoreProbation Officer766 Words   |  4 Pagespopular career. Probation Officer Job Description Probation officers and parole officers are often lumped together when people think about them. They do have some common duties, such as working within the corrections system and being employed by county, state or federal corrections departments. Sometimes they even take on dual responsibilities, functioning as both probation and parole officers. Probation officers perform many duties specific to probation and deal with offenders who have beenRead MoreCorrectional Policy Essay768 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: ARE CORRECTIONAL POLICIES AND PROGRAMS WORKING TODAY Michelle Elsenbary Intro to Corrections North Carolina Central University The subject of this article is to review the past and present changes within correctional policies and programs and the influence it has on criminal activity. Throughout the article, several researches involving systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and the Maryland method scores show the positiveRead MoreCorrections Trend Evaluation Essay1338 Words   |  6 PagesCorrections Trend Evaluation Daysha Hopkins CJA-394 May 7, 2012 Hector Garcia Ed. D Abstract Throughout the United States, there are many correctional facilities that house thousands of inmates. Individuals who work within these facilities have a tough job in maintaining the prison facility and the inmates. Correctional officers are called the front line workers and are responsible for looking after the inmates. The officers who work for the correctional facility deal with issues that mayRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy : A Rehabilitation Alternative2737 Words   |  11 PagesCognitive Behavior Therapy: A Rehabilitation Alternative in Corrections The prison was designed as a place of punishment for those who would commit criminal acts. The purpose of prison is to punish the criminals, protect the public and reform the criminals back to law abiding citizens before reintegrating them back into society. Prison conditions are hard on inmates in general, because of overcrowding, violence, lack of privacy, lack of meaningful activities, isolation from family and friends, uncertaintyRead MoreSentencing Models and The Correctional System Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesHow have sentencing models impacted corrections? Be sure to address the four types of sentencing models and the issues surrounding them (equity, truth-in-sentencing and proportionality). Sentencing models are plans or strategies developed for imposing punishment for crimes committed. During the 19th century these punishments were normally probation, fines and flat sentences. When someone was given a flat sentence, he or she had to serve the entire sentence without parole or early release. 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Heart Of Darkness Essay Research Paper Good free essay sample

Heart Of Darkness Essay, Research Paper Good and Evil: Battle to the Finish William # 8217 ; s Lord of the Fliess, ( 1954 ) an Conrad # 8217 ; s Heart of Darkness, ( 1902 ) there are affectional comparings and contrasts between the supporter and the adversary. Even though the supporter and the adversary have the same purposes, they have different motivations. In Heart of Darkness, Marlow wants to salvage Kurtz, but the director doesn # 8217 ; t want Marlow to convey back Kurtz, because the director is afraid that if Marlow brings back Kurtz than he # 8217 ; ll have to discontinue his occupation and give it to Kurtz. In Lord of the Flies, Jack wants to take over the leading and Ralph, on the other manus, wants to be a leader himself. Ralph wants to be the leader so that he could do some sort of program to acquire off the island, but Jack wants to be a leader so he can be the swayer and Hunt, so that he has meat for himself. ( 9, 137 ) The supporter wants triumph over the adversary and the adversary wants to de-feat the supporter. Where as the vitamin E adversary has an evil intent and the supporter had a good intent. A similar construct between the supporter and the adversary is that both of them are courageous plenty to make bold to travel against each other. They don # 8217 ; t conceal from each other, but they both of out and face each other. In Heart of Darkness, Marlow knew that the director didn # 8217 ; t want Kurtz back, but he was brave plenty to seek conveying Kurtz back. the trough knew Marlow was merely like Kurtz. That he will non give up so easy. The director did everything in his power to halt Marlow. Even if they think their opposition is stronger, they don # 8217 ; t back off from the fright of confronting them. In Lord of the Flies, Piggy knows that Jack and his folk is stronger than him, but still he goes over to the folk and talk his head out about how they were incorrect. ( 156 ) when a individual makes up their head to face their opposition, nil can halt them. Another comparable feature between the supporter and the adversary is that both of them seek retaliation. One or the other have fury of retaliation in their heads. In Lords of the Flies Jack is covetous of Ralph, because he was chosen for leading. Jack wanted retaliation and he started his folk and becomes the head of the huntsmans. He turns himself and his group into barbarians. ( 141 ) In Heart of Darkness, Kurtz was traveling to be the director didn # 8217 ; t want to allow travel of his occupation. So when Kurtz was ill and needful medicine. the old director neer sent Kurtz anything. He was seeking retaliation because he thought the functionaries of the trade company were traveling to engage Kurtz. Reve nge is one of the things which one can # 8217 ; t resist, but at the same clip the consequences are frequently bad. In Heart of Darkness and in Lord of the Flies both of the heroes, Marlow and Ralph, have a person or something to trust on. This gave them strength and it is what motivated them to make the Acts of the Apostless of courage and both of them depend on it for their endurance. Ralph has a conch, which symbolizes his leading. When it is crushed, everything starts to fall apart. Jack and his tribe start to take over. ( 164 ) Marlow had to salvage Kurtz that was his mission and that # 8217 ; s what kept him traveling After Kurtz decease Marlow left the tusk trade. After Marlow left the director was in charge. The primary differentiation between a supporter and the adversely is that a supporter ever tries to make the right thing and follows the way of unity and the adversary ever tries to come in the manner and make jobs. Ralph and Piggy want to maintain the fire traveling so that they can be rescue, but Jack and his followings want to cook the meat and they don # 8217 ; t care if the fire is gone. ( 133-135 ) this mentioning shows how otherwise the outlook of the two challengers work. Ralph is in touch with world, he wants to maintain the fire traveling, but Jack stands in the manner forestalling him from what he wants to carry through. In Heart of Darkness when Marlow # 8217 ; s steamer interruptions down and he asks the director to acquire riverts to repair the soft-shell clam. the director keeps on doing alibis. Another difference between the supporter and the adversary is that the supporter is sort and stamp, whereas the adversary is barbarous and evil. Ralph take attention of the littluns and attempts to maintain them safe. ( 118-119 ) Jack and his folk turned into barbarians and killing people. They did their dance of decease to kill Simon pitilessly, who was guiltless. ( 139 ) Simon # 8217 ; s/Beast # 8217 ; s decease symbolizes the ferocity of Jack # 8217 ; s tribe. No affair what the director told Marlow about Kurtz being a stealer, Marlow didn # 8217 ; t give up on Kurtz he had religion and trusted Kurtz better than the director. Manager didn # 8217 ; t care about anyone but himself. In decision, the adversary is an obstruction for the supporter and the supporter is supposed to get the better of the obstruction. The supporter most frequently pulls through one manner or another. In Heart of Darkness Marlow escapes the director, the tusk trade, and lickings all his antagonists and in Lord of the Flies, Ralph escapes from Jack and his folk. Both supporter and adversary have similar motives. But besides are different because of many things such as being evil or good and being able to of the right thing or non.

Ishmael essay Essay Example

Ishmael essay Essay Ishmael essay BY 1100205268 Ap World Summer Assignment Dennis Podvidz Coach Floyd Period 1 Floyd 8-10-12 How Agriculture Has Shaped Man assignment 1 Mr. In the novel Ishmael by Daniel Quinn it makes a brave point of how man has taken over Mother Nature and has claimed what is not his due to the fact that Agriculture has shaped man and his potential. In the movie by James Diamond Guns, Germs, and Steel it strikes a similar note in how the taker people compare to the leaver people and how they have more success than the original lifestyle of the leavers. Man has dvanced greatly through the progression of agriculture and from their into their civilization. Though in the end the taker people are starting to destroy themselves and ultimately mother earth. In Ismael and Guns, Germs, and steel it shows how man has progressed and ultimately start to destroy himself because of the agricultural progression of man. The world was made for man, but it took him along time to fgure that out(Quinn: pg 68). That is what was imposed for the novel Ishmael meaning that the whole world revolves around man. Man is why we have cities, technology, architecture and other luxuries. The place where all of this has come from though, has been from the way that man had expanded and how his agriculture had expanded. The idea of agriculture had happened back in the Fertile Crescent because the so-called takers were running out of food to take. They had to settle down and have a source of food to live off of so they could support villages and eventually Increase tnelr populatlon. We will write a custom essay sample on Ishmael essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ishmael essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ishmael essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I ne numan populatlon nas done Just tnat ana for the most part they have thrived, but because of this they have done unthinkable damage. Weve gobbled up irreplaceable resources as though they could never run ut-and we go on gobbling them up(Quinn: pg 80). As the Human Population had found out about the possibilities of farming and staying in one place as opposed to traveling and being gatherers, they have become successful. The success comes with its prices though on the other hand, The Takers had started to get very nasty and disgraceful with the leaver people. They had started to believe that the way to live is to farm and any group of people that does not abide by that rule will ultimately get whipped out when Ishmael clearly stats this when he says miou may no longer live by hunting and gathering. This is Wrong. This is evil. We forbid it. (Quinn: pg 167). As people had started to get greedier they had ultimately wanted more land and more power. The main reason of this power and land was to expand their population and to have growth in their economy. The takers did not have room for the leavers so they had simply had started to kill them off. They had started to kill them of for one simple reason, they needed that land for agriculture, and agriculture ultimately means expansion. Then people had started to feed of the Takers and had brought it into their culture because they see what uccess they have compared to the other leavers. An example of this type of people would have been the Jews. The Jews though had seen the value of the leaver people and they had left the leavers in their culture. The Takers though had a downfall later in the revolution. The Taker people had invested all of their might into the agriculture of the land and had expanded beyond the holding limit of mother earth. In Guns, Germs, and Steel by James diamond he makes a very valid point of why the taker people of the modernized world have so much more technology and an overall better wellbeing than the Native Papua New Guineans. The answer to this question is that the New Guineans are a leaver civilization, they didnt expand and didnt have such technological growth as the taker people, an example of this is cargo. Cargo is what the New Guineans had called the technology and the actual things that the modern world people have. The New Guineans have followed the same way of life since their fist appearance onto mother earth. They are hunter and gatherers and they do very littlie farming. They look as if though they were in the 1000 B. C. E and their culture is very reflective of that as well. They live in large ommunities and they are hunting to get their food and the women are staying home doing all of the work since they are counted less superior to man. The only reason that the New Guineans had not expanded was because they didnt have agriculture and that has pushed them back in the overall evolution of man. In Ismael and Guns, Germs, and Steel it shows how man has progressed and ultimately start to destroy himself because of the agricultural progression of man. The fact of the expansion of the human population had gone back to agriculture. That one step had put us in the position we are now, and the countries that had not aken that step are very behind in the cultural evolution. But the question is, did we take the right step with expanding through agriculture and ultimately killing our resources and Mother Nature? Only time will tell if we will fail or succeed. Diamond, James. Guns,Germs, and Steel Part One. Guns, Germs, and Steel Part One. N. d. Television. Quinn, Daniel. Ishmael: An Adventure of the Mind and Spirit. United States of America: Bantam/Turner, 1995. Print. Evaluatlon 0T How Man created Cltles to Isnmael ana -uns, Germs, ana s assignment 2 All three of these works present a very careful argument pretty much textbook example of the process of posing a research question, making a claim to answer that question, and presenting clear evidence, examples, and support for the claim. Show how each demonstrates this in the following matrix How Man Created Cities Ishmael Guns, Germs, and Steel What is the overall driving question? How did Man Invent cities? Why are things made up to be the way they are? Why do first world countries have so much more cargo than the people of Pupa New Guinea? What is the overall answer? (thesis) Man had invented cities on the fact that the place where the city had originated, that ertain geographical location had been able to supply mans needs. Things are made up to be the way they are because or society is based on a myth that is so deeply rooted into our society that we cant do anything about it and if we do then we make it worse. The people of first world countries have more cargo because they had the ability to farm and have good livestock, which they gained, through geographical location and experience with mother nature. .What are the main claims to support the answer? The place that you would chose to build a city would be place that had a good access to food, water, and shelter. People in our society believe that the people that have other lifestyles than our own are living a very uncivilized lifestyle. The people of the first world countries had wheat and barley as well as good livestock like cows and horses. While the people of Papa New Guinea had some roots and bananas. What evidence is there to support these claims? Examples. You wouldnt build a city in the desert because there is no food, water, or shelter. You would build a city next to a river which would have water to drink, fish to eat, and some type of vegetation to mage shelter out of. People from the first world countries nat are llvlng taker IITestyles tnlnK tnat people 0T tnlra world countrles tnat are llvlng leaver lifestyles are wrong and uncivilized. The first world countries are more developed and carry a much larger population because of the reliable food source. Pastoral (nomadic) Culture vs. Neolithic Agrarian Culture (nomadic) Culture Neolithic Agrarian Culture assignment 3 Pastoral Being any type of nomad is the oldest way of living in the world and it dates back to as far as 6000 B. C The Postaral Nomads Follow a specific pattern to which to graze their livestock and they are constantly on the move They move their livestock ccording to the seasons Each year they go back to the same place they were during that season last year to herd In areas with a decent amount of rainfall, the Pastoral Nomads live in villages that are designed of them to have a more relaxed stay for In the dry seasons the Pastoral Nomads stick to portable tents that they can easily set up and take down The Pastoral Nomads are people that make their own food and dont buy or take from others, they do trade though for other products that would include hard goods The Pastoral Nomads in habit the less fertile regions of the world that receive little ainfall as well The Pastoral Nomads live in the regions of West Africa and Central Asia The Pastoral Nomads are originally based to be part of a warrior culture, because they were despised by people they lived round The Neolithic Agrarians mostly lived in small little groups or tribes They had the chance to acquire livestock so they did Unlike the Pastoral nomad the Neolithic Agrarians had homes that they could settle down and not travel from place to place, most of the homes were built out of mud The Neolithic Agrarians believed in burials and they would usually wait until only ones were left of the dead person and would bury them in-between the houses or even under the floor of the house The Neolithic Agrarians Had lived in Europe since 6400 B. C and in countless other regions across the world like the fertile crescent and the Americas The Neolithic Agrarians had heavily relied on Farming, in earlier times it relied on the region that you were in that the farming was based on, but near the ena all 0T tne T Intake was Ilmltea Ine Neollt lc n Agrarlans were very SKIIlea tool maker and had made tons of tool for many different reasons including farming and weapons Continued Next Page) Catalhoyuk and the Bedouin as Examples Pastoral Example- the Bedouin Neolithic Agrarian Example- Catalhoyuk How are the Bedouin an example of a pastoral society? The Bedouins are a prime example of the Pastoral society because they are Nomads. The Bedouins live in counties in the middle east that have a relatively low rainfall and that means fertility. They have their livestock Just as the pastoral Nomads had and they travel with their livestock all the time. The Bedouins dont have a real home Just like the Pastoral Nomads so they Just set up tent s and take tents down. Lastly the Bedouins travel with the seasons, In the dry season they go to a solid watering hole just as the Pastoral Nomads did. How is Catalhoyuk an example of a Neolithic agrarian society? The Catalhoyuk were much like the Neolithic Agrarians in their plan of living. The Catalhoyuk had made permanent settlements Just as the Neolithic Agrarians did compared to the pastoral nomads. The Catalhoyuk had made their houses out of the same material (mud) as the Neolithic Agrarians did. The Catalhoyuk had also the same burial traditions by letting the body of the dead decay to the bone and then bury them underneath the floor of the house. Lastly the Catalhoyuk had made many tools and had a wide variety of crops River Valley/Foundations Cultures PIRATES Fill in evidence that aligns with the cultural traits listed below. Each column may not be necessarily even, but all should be filled in to some extent. Assingment 4 Cultures Political (Laws, Governance) Intellectual (Math, Science, Philosophic, Ideas) Rellglons Art/Architecture (Forms, styles, uses) Technology Economic (How they make a living-trade, farming etc) Social (Gender relationships, role of women, classes) Shang They had an overall king that that had allowed territory rulers to rule parts of the and in exchange for military support under that was priest class which was in charge of religion and records The People of the Shang dynasty had created a writing system that had over 3,000 symbols, they had also made a 12 month calendar and a decimal system The Shang Dynasty believed in the god Shang-Ti, This god was considered superior to all the other gods The type of art the Shang dynast had were different types of pots, bronze weapons, vessels and hairpins. The Shang dynasty was highly skillful in metalworking and they had created many types of weapons and tools. The Shang Dynasty had made a living y agriculture, the type of cr ops that they had grown were wheat, barley, and other types of grains. The Shang dynasty had classes that went from nobles, to priests, to craftsman to peasants and slaves Harappa The political system of the Harappans is not quite discovered but it is believed to be that their was one main government with rules of the cities to help out The Harappan people were masters in measuring length, mass and time, they were one of the first civilizations that made up as system of weights and measurements The religion that the Harappa civilization believed in was Polytheistic, in this religion ertain animal represent gods The Harappans civilization had large scale urban like settlements; the Harappans had different types of vessels, pottery, and Jewelry. The Harappans were among the first to purify gold and it was also found that they had been some the first people using dental techniques(drilling human teeth) They had a very strong trading system because they would trade their precious artwork with Mesopotamian settlements, making them a well know economic hub, farmed lots of dry grain The Harappans were divided into four classes, learned people, businessmen, warriors, and working class. Women were considered higher up then men Egypt The Egyptians had a main ruler which was the king, under the king was the vizier. I ne vlzler naa ne10 all 0T tne countless projects tnat tne anclent Egyptians naa. The Egyptians had a completely finished numerical system, they were also the first civilization that had shown evidence of mathematical equations The ancient Egyptians had believed in the Divine Kingship, which means that the king is also their god. The architecture in Egypt is some of the famous architecture in the world, The pyramid of Giza is one example, Architects in Egypt were also famous for their recise stone work The Egyptians new how to make ships up to 35 meters long, they also knew how to make glass and many artificial stones The Egyptians had relied heavily on farming, since the rainfall was scarce they had made good use of the Nile for irrigation systems, their main crops were wheat, barley and other grains, but they also had fruits and vegetables Women in ancient Egypt had the same rights as men, but the were treated a lot differently, the woman usually had stayed at home while the men had worked Sumer The Sumerians had a king that had ruled the city state government, the king would ut the laws into effect, but instead of punishing someone physically He would punish them with a fine The Sumerians were the first to make use of math like algebra and geometry, They also were the first that had used numerical order, a nd find the area of a triangle and volume of a cube The Sumerians did not have a specific religion; each state had its own priests and churches. The Sumerians were the first to have the right who to worship The Sumerians had a lack of wooden materials, so in result they had started to build mud houses, if wanting something stronger then you would use brick The Sumerians had been innovators of many tems such as wheels, saws, knives, axes chisels, etc. Many Sumerians had made their living of farming onions, wheat, mustard, lentils, barley etc. hey also traded with many surrounding civilizations Woman in the Sumerian civilization were considered freer than in the other leading civilizations but, the civilization was still in favor of man, the class was mostly divided into a fee person or a slave Chavin In the Chavin civilization to have the power to rule was brought only to a few elite members that had some sort of divine connection The Chavin people were the first eople that had carve d the faces into stone of the deities that they believed in The civilization of the Chavin believe in different types of deities, there are deities for the underworld, food and, the supernatural world The Chavin had created many pieces of art, though to the modern world we cannot understand what they mean, they were meant to be understood only by the chiefs The advancements in technology for the Chavin was their abilities to use abnormal techniques for firing their clay The Majority of the People from the Chavin civilization have been involved with omestication of llamas, they also have some crops including potatoes and quinoa The woman in the Chavin civilization are usually at home caring for the kids while the men are trying to bring home food Olmec The political structure of the Olmec was strongly centralized, this gave power to the elite that would have control over the people The Olmecs were the first Mesoamerican people that would have a calendar, understand the concept of zer o, and create a writing system The Olmecs believed that their priests were the most important fgure and the most sacred fgure The Olmecs make there art out of many OITTerent materlals Inclualng clay ana Dasalt, most 0T tnelr Tlgures represent real IITe things The Olmecs had many types of invented technologies, but the most notable of them all was their geomagnetic lodestone compass The Olmecs were farmers back in their time, they had grown beans, squash, maize, and cotton, they also had done long distance trading The woman of the Olmec had taken care of the children while the men had been out and had brought home the food (Continued Next Page) Venn Diagram Unique toa Culture In Common Among a Majority of the Cultures The Shang dynasty had classes that went from nobles, to priests, to craftsman to easants and slaves The woman of most of these civilizations were considers less dominant then men Most civilizations listed here have some type of agriculture All civilizations worshiped some sort of fgure All civilizations had found out some technology that is still used today Sumer The Sumerians were the first to make use of math like algebra and geo metry, They also were the first that had used numerical order, and find the area of a triangle and volume ofa cube Harappa Chavin The civilization of the Chavin believe in different types of deities, there are deities for the underworld, food and, the supernatural world Egypt The ancient Egyptians had believed in the Divine Kingship, which means that the king is also their god. Olmec The Olmecs were the first Mesoamerican people that would have a calendar, understand the concept of zero, and create a writing system (Continued On Next Page) How does either the Phoenicians or the Minoans compare culturally to the other Foundation cultures? (Your choice of who to use, looking for an in-depth analysis here of at least one page. The Phoenicians are one of the most sought out civilizations in the world and they can be easily compared with the founder cultures. The Phoenicians are people that ave traded countless of precious items (mostly to Greece) that are supplied to the elite; one of t hese items would be vivid purple die that is received from the snail shell. The Phoenician alphabet with its very ideal and strict forms can be compared to the great writing system of the Shangs. The culture of the Phoenicians is a learning culture because they had sat out and had taken in countless information from the ancient Egyptians. Every good civilization has to be able to learn to flourish and prosper above all the rest. The Phoenician civilization had a chance to come out and they did, In about 900 B. C Their was no real strict military power in the region of the Phoenicians so they came out and they started to trade with the surrounding areas. With the population of the Phoenicians rising they had started to expand into the Mediterranean Sea. With the time that the Phoenicians were at the Mediterranean Sea they had become very hefty with their glasswork and had helped out the Egyptians as well. The Phoenicians hold one of the oldest cities in the world, just recently archeologist have found remains of farms and fishermans houses that date back to as far as 7000B. C. To the end of their being in the main groups of ivilizations, the interests of the Phoenicians had become art, religion and trade. If a civilization that is capable to give as much as it is capable to learn then it should have the right to be compared and even be part of the foundation cultures. Conrad Demarest Comparison of Empires assignment 5 Refer to the complete listing of characteristics in the C-D Model before completing this chart. Include specific examples, not generalities. Characteristics Neo-Assyrian Empire Persian Empire 1. Necessary preconditions for the rise of empires†the region must have: a) State- level government b) agricultural potential c) An environmental mosaic

Kurt Cobaines Death And Impact On Fans Essays - Music, Grunge

Kurt Cobaine's Death And Impact On Fans Essays - Music, Grunge Kurt Cobaine's Death And Impact On Fans Its not fun anymore. I just cant take it anymore. The words that would later haunt the world are clumsily scribbled onto a pad of paper. The room grows silent and coldthen BANG! On April 7, 1994, the music world died with a single gunshot wound to the head. Kurdt Donald Cobain took away a music legend and left a void in the music world. When Cobain ended his life on that fateful day, he not only stunned fans, but also destroyed one of the most talented bands of all-time. The sad sense of loss that Seattle began to feel quickly spread to the rest of the country and to the world as well. The youth of an entire sub-culture was devastated. A few days after his death, 7,000 mourners gathered in Seattle to remember the musician. As Cobains widow, Courtney Love read her husbands agonizing suicide note, people lit candles, and threw burning toilet paper for the iconoclastic anti-hero. Although today some of the pain may have faded, the loss of Cobain and his band Nirvana is still being felt by teens across the country. Good men die young. Kurt was a great songwriter, musician and person. He has joined the ranks of great artists such as Jimi Hendrix, and the Nirvana legacy will be with us forever, expressed Ryan Runkewich, a Nirvana fan. The sediment is not only expressed by fans, but also by such famous musicians as R.E.M., Neil Young and the Cranberries who have all dedicated songs in Cobains memory. Before the boom of the phenomenon known as Nirvana, the Seattle music scene was most famous for its hard-rock blues. In 1988, the Aberdeen native along with Krist Anthony Novoselic and Dave Grohl began with a demo song entitled Big Cheese and captivated the hearts and souls of a forgotten generation that had yet to make a name for itself. Nirvana had the guts to express the emotions that young people were too afraid to display. The band and its ringleader Cobain truly became the vocal point for struggling teens. As the sixth anniversary of Cobains death quickly approaches, fans are afforded another painful year to reflect on his music, life and the very moment when everything ended. In fact, most fans can even remember what they were doing when they heard the news that Cobain was dead. When I heard, I was playing a video game and listening to the radio. I got real upset and my friends and I sat around all day listening to his music. I personally pay tribute to his on that dreadful day every year, said James V., a Cobain fan. From the dawning of the 90s grunge music era, Nirvana has been the undisputed leader of alternative music. The music was not only a part of life, but rather it was life for millions of teens searching for an outlet to express themselves. For that reason, the memory of Cobain and the Nirvana sound will never die in the hearts of fans. Inner-peace what Cobain wanted for everyone: If you die youre completely happy and your soul lives onIm not afraid of dying. Total peace after death becoming the someone else is the best hope Ive got.Kurdt Donald Cobain. If you have elements that I can add to this article let me knowI have lots of information and I have done a lot of research!! I am an expert J lemme know thanks Word Count= 594 Bibliography The male point of view: A look into the typical day of a high school male Once upon a time in a land far away, a young man named Adam began the chain of male species that would revolutionize into the dominant, chauvinistic sex of the 90s. From the first forbidden bite of the apple, to the masculine attitude prevalent in most men, the males thoughts have always remained the samesex, sports and more sex. Yes it is true the average male teenager thinks about sex four times a minute, but there is more to the mind of a guy. The following is a typical schedule of a teenage male, living through puberty, an impossible masculine complex and all of the other speed bumps thrown

Biography of Alice Creator, Lewis Carroll

Biography of Alice Creator, Lewis Carroll Born in 1832, Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, better known by his pen name Lewis Carroll, was the eldest boy of 11 children. Raised in Daresbury, Cheshire, England, he was known for writing and playing games, even as a child. An avid storyteller, Carroll enjoyed creating stories for children, and went on to publish two notable novels: â€Å"Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland† and â€Å"Through the Looking Glass.† In addition to his career as a writer, Carroll was also known for being a mathematician and logician, as well as an Anglican deacon and a photographer. He passed away in Guildford, England on January 14, 1898, just a few weeks before his 66th birthday. Early Life Carroll was the eldest boy of 11 children (the third child) born to his parents on January 27, 1832. His father, Rev. Charles Dodgson, was a clergyman, having served as perpetual curate at the old parsonage at Daresbury, where Carroll was born. Rev. Dodgson went on to become the rector of Croft in Yorkshire, and despite his duties, always found time to tutor the children in their school studies and instill in them morals and values. Carroll’s mother was Frances Jane Lutwidge, who was known for being patient and kind with the children. The couple raised their children in a small isolated village, where the children found ample ways to amuse themselves throughout the years. Carroll, in particular, was known for coming up with creative games for the children to play, and eventually started writing stories and composing poetry. When the family moved to Croft after Rev. Dodgson was offered a larger parish, Carroll, who was 12 years old at the time, started developing â€Å"Rectory Magazines.† These publications were collaborative compositions within the family, and everyone was expected to contribute. Today, there are a few surviving family magazines, some of which are handwritten by Carroll and include his own illustrations. As a boy, Carroll was not only known for writing and storytelling, he was also known to have an aptitude for mathematics and classical studies. He received awards for his mathematics work during his time at Rugby School, which he attended after his years at Richmond School in Yorkshire. It is said that Carroll was bullied as a student and didn’t love his school days. He reportedly stammered as a child and never outgrew the speech impediment, and also suffered from having a deaf ear, the result of a severe fever. As a teenager, he experienced a severe instance of whooping cough. But his health and personal struggles in school never seemed to affect his academics studies or professional pursuits. In fact, Carroll later went on to enroll at Christ Church College in Oxford in 1851 after receiving a scholarship (known as a studentship at the school). He earned his degree in mathematics in 1854 and became a lecturer of mathematics at the school, which was akin to serving as a tutor. This position meant that Carroll was to take holy orders from the Anglican Church and to never marry, two requirements that he agreed upon. He became a deacon in 1861. The plan was for Carroll to become a priest, at which point he could have married. However, he decided that parish work was not the correct avenue for him and remained a bachelor his entire life. Years later, starting in the early 1880s, Carroll served as his college’s Curator of its Common Room. His time at Oxford came with a small salary and an opportunity to conduct research in mathematics and logic. Carroll was also afforded the luxury of pursuing his passion for literature, composition, and photography. Photography Career Carroll’s interest in photography began in 1856 and he found great joy in photographing people, particularly children and notable figures in society. Among those that he photographed included English Poet Alfred Lord Tennyson. At the time, photography was a complex practice that required strong technical expertise, as well as great patience and understanding of the process. As such, it’s no surprise that the craft brought much enjoyment to Carroll, who enjoyed more than two decades of practice in the medium. His work included developing his own studio and amassing a collection of photographs that is reported to have once included about 3,000 images, though it appears that only a fraction of his work has survived over the years. Carroll was known to have traveled with his gear, taking photos of individuals and saving them in an album, which was his chosen method for showcasing his work. He collected autographs from the individuals he shot and took the time to show them how their images would be used within the album. His photography was only displayed publicly once, showcased in a professional exhibition sponsored by the Photographic Society of London in 1858. Carroll gave up his practice of photography in 1880; some say that the modern developments of the art form made it too easy to create an image, and Carroll lost interest. Writing Career The mid-1850s were also a time of development for Carroll’s writing career. He began composing a number of not only mathematical texts but also humorous works. He adopted his pseudonym of Lewis Carroll in 1856, which was created when he translated his first and middle names into Latin, changing their order of appearance, and then translating them back to English. While he continued to publish his mathematical work under his given name of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, his other writing appeared under this new pen name. The same year that Carroll assumed his new pseudonym, he also met a four-year-old girl named Alice Liddle, the daughter of the head of Christ Church. Alice and her sisters provided much inspiration for Carroll, who would create imaginative stories to tell them. One of those stories was the basis for his most famous novel, in which he described the adventures of a young girl named Alice who fell into a rabbit hole. Alice Liddle asked Carroll to turn his verbal tale into a written work, which was initially titled, â€Å"Alice’s Adventures Underground.† After several revisions, Carroll published the story in 1865 as the now famous title of, â€Å"Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland.† The novel was illustrated by John Tenniel. The success of the book encouraged Carroll to write a sequel, â€Å"Through the Looking Glass and What Alice Found There,† which was published in 1872. This second novel drew from many of the stories the stories that Carroll had written years earlier, and included many of his famous Wonderland characters, including Tweedledee and Tweedledum, the White Knight, and Humpty Dumpty. The novel also included a popular poem titled, â€Å"Jabberwocky† about a mythical monster. The nonsensical piece of writing has long puzzled readers and provided ample opportunities for analysis and interpretation from scholars. Famous Quotes from Lewis Carroll While many children’s books of the times were written with the goal of sharing moral lessons for children, Carroll’s work was reportedly written purely for entertainment purposes. Some say that Carroll’s writing includes hidden meanings and messages about religion and politics, but most reports support the notion that Carroll’s novels did no such thing. They were purely entertaining books that were enjoyed by children and adults alike, particularly with their nonsensical characters and occurrences and the intelligent ways in which Alice responded to the various situations she encountered. â€Å"Everything’s got a moral, if only you can find it.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Contrariwise, if it was so, it might be; and if it were so, it would be; but as it isn’t, it ain’t. That’s logic.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"She generally gave herself very good advice (though she seldom followed it.)† Death His later years were taken up with mathematics and logic projects, as well as trips to the theater. Only a few weeks before his 66th birthday, Carroll fell ill with influenza, which eventually developed into pneumonia. He never recovered and died at his sister’s home in Guildford on January 14, 1898. Carroll was buried at the Mount Cemetery in Guildford and has a memorial stone in Poets’ Corner at Westminster Abbey.

Choose from the 3 available topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Choose from the 3 available topics - Essay Example Despite the changes adopted in the representation structure, the policies used for women differ from that used in men. Men are given the chance to fight out with fellow men for the different representation position while women benefit from quota systems in which parties reserve special positions for them. The application of the principle of reservation and quota system has enabled women to represent the specific interest of their gender in the house. In Mala Htun article ‘is gender like ethnicity’, the idea behind the formation of group specific parties is evaluated. The author also looks at the dynamics involved in reserving seats using the quota system for women and the reservation of legislative seats for the minority groups (Htun 434). Different countries have different policies on representation and the use of reservation and quotas for special groups like women and ethnic minority. This system applies to all democratic situations whether completely religious like M uslim or catholic state, developed and developing countries among other identities. Most countries have legal requirements for this representation and this highlights the approach adopted by such countries when reserving different seats for its people. Countries that lack legal basis for reservation and quotas have different political arrangement, which allows for fair representation in parties and representative posts. The United States lacks a legal framework for representation of the minority or the women but uses a race conscious districting system that gives room for fair representation of all the races (Htun 434). In mature electoral democracies, states reserve special quotas within the political parties for women and legislative seats for the ethnic minority. The use of quotas and cleavages has been approached with a traditional perspective that fails to look at the implications and benefits of these representations. The author argues that the use of candidate quotas can only be significant within groups that have cross cutting interest while legislative reservation should be allocated to groups that have coinciding interests. Under the principle of use of quota for political party reservation, the law requires a specific number of slots to be left for women candidates during nomination. This is common in most democracies in which the law may require that a third of positions in all areas be reserved to women and that the ranking within these positions should alternate with men. The principle of quota system has significantly affected parties decisions and individuals picked to represent parties in certain districts (Dahlerup 214). The use of representation however affects the entire demography of an electoral system as it result into the creation of new electoral incentives and rules. These results into the creation of more than one set of electoral roll with special districts reserved for the minority groups. Under these principles, a party seeks to h ave a certain group of people who are subjected to a different set of conditions to be elected to the legislature (Htun 434). Strengths and weaknesses of the author’s arguments In this paper, the author attempts to highlight the differences between the types of presentations that border on the quota system and the representation within the legislature. Through this article, the author has critically highlighted the

Effect of Marriages on Crime Rates Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Effect of Marriages on Crime Rates - Article Example In this paper the authors through evidence are illustrating that marriage can reduce the crimes committed by an individual as it can involve the individual in social bonds. According to the authors the research done by them is however not accurate as all the figures in an individual's life cannot be kept constant and this restrains the authors to conclude authentically that marriage reduces the crime rates. However the evidence given by the authors supports the notion that rate of crime does get affected because of the bond of marriage. The authors hypothesize that getting involved in social bonds and activities may help one to avoid committing crime. According to the authors marriage is a social bond which inflicts social responsibility and compulsions on one individual which further diverts the individual from committing a crime. The change in routine is also marked as important by the authors as it helps to change the mood and passion of an individual. It makes one individual spend more time with his family rather than friends (Warr 1998: 183). Furthermore the monitoring activity done by the spouses is supposed to be helpful to divert one from criminal activities. The supervision done by spouses can help men to avoid committing any crime (Waite and Gallagher 2000: 24).

Capital Punishment Essay: Its Fair and Effective -- Argumentative Pe

Capital Punishment - It's Fair and Effective   Ã‚  Ã‚   Confronting head-on two of the most prominent objections to the death penalty is the object of this paper: Is the death penalty a miscarriage of justice? And Does it Deter Crime?    It's a miscarraige of justice. In a survey Professors Hugo Adam Bedau and Michael Radelet found that 7000 persons were executed in the United States between 1900 and 1985 and that 35 were innocent of capital crimes (1). Among the innocents they list Sacco and Vanzetti as well as Ethel and Julius Rosenberg. Although their data may be questionable, I do not doubt that, over a long enough period, miscarriages of justice will occur even in capital cases. Despite precautions, nearly all human activities, such as trucking, lighting, or construction, cost the lives of some innocent bystanders. We do not give up these activities, because the advantages, moral or material, outweigh the unintended losses (2). Analogously, for those who think the death penalty just, miscarriages of justice are offset by the moral benefits and the usefulness of doing justice. For those who think death penalty unjust even when it does not miscarry, miscarriages can hardly be decisive.    Is it a deterrent? Despite much recent work, there has been no conclusive statistical demonstration that the death penalty is a better deterrent than are alternative punishments (3). However, deterrence is less than decisive for either side. Most abolitionists acknowledge that they would continue to favor abolition even if the death penalty were shown to deter more murders than alternatives could deter (4). Abolitionists appear to value the life of a convicted murderer or, at least, his non-execution, more highly than they v... ...n, however just, of murderers. But although there is a lively discussion of the subject, not serious evidence exists to support the hypothesis that executions produce a higher murder rate. Cf. Phllips, the deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment: New Evidence on an Old Controversy, 86 Am. J. Soc. 139 (1980) (arguing that murder rates drop immediately after executions of criminals). 6 H. Gross, A Theory of Criminal Justice 489 (1979) (attributing this passage to Sir James Fitzjames Stephen). 7 Weems v. United States, 217 U.S. 349 (1910) suggest that penalties be proportionate to the seriousness of the crime - a common theme in criminal law. Murder, therefore, demands more that life imprisonment. In modern times, our sensibility requires that the range of punishments be narrower than the range of crime - but not so narrow as to exclude the death penalty.   

Composing an Impartial Jury & Balancing Multi-Racial Representations Essay

The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees the right to trial by jury in state court. This amendment makes the 6th and 7th amendments applicable to the states. The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution grants a criminal defendant the right to a trial â€Å"by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed. † The Seventh Amendment provides a similar right in civil cases. The United States Supreme Court has defined, an â€Å"impartial† jury as a jury drawn from a representative cross-section of the community in the district or division where the court convenes. The framers of the constitution sought to create an independent judiciary and to protect the people against arbitrary action by that judiciary. The right to be tried by a jury of his or her peers safeguards a person accused of a crime against a corrupt or overzealous prosecutor and against a compliant, biased, or eccentric judge. The requirement of a jury chosen from a fair cross-section of the community is fundamental to the American system of justice; it plays a pivotal role in ensuring impartiality. The first step in the process consists of the creation and maintenance of a master list from which the jury pool is drawn. This can include source lists such as voter registration, driver’s license, state income tax files, unemployment records, and public assistance rosters. The second step is the selection of the actual trial jury from the pool of citizens. Lastly is the instillation of the trial jury as a non-biased and fair representation of the defendant’s peers. Notwithstanding the Sixth Amendment’s guarantee of the right to an impartial jury, there are inherent flaws in the jury selection process. It is the second step that is most likely to be the downfall of the third. Randomly selected pools of potential jury members do not always accurately represent the entire community. These randomly selected pools often under represent both racial and ethnic minorities. The American Bar Association works to promote justice, professional excellence, and respect for the law. In doing so it has a natural stake in the selection of fair jury pools. The ABA is the largest voluntary professional association in the world. They provide many important resources including programs to assist lawyers and judges in their work, and initiatives to improve the legal system for the public. In line with their standards for the ethical practices of jury trials, the ABA has established two goals in regards to the juror master lists. The first is inclusion of all eligible citizens. The second is representation of all portions of the community, These goals often prove difficult to accomplish in practice. This paper will focus on three aspects of a process, which together constitute the definition, selection, and empanelment of a fair and impartial jury. Lastly it will summarize these points and then suggest a model to aide in overcoming the shortfalls evident in the current systems. Part I lays the foundation for what constitutes an impartial jury. Part II identifies general racial stereotypes jurors may hold about defendants and address the importance of combating those stereotypes to insure impartiality. Part III highlights the key players in the empanelment of an impartial jury and the need for collaboration among them during the voir dire process. The report will also discuss placing limits on the voir dire process, including the possibility of eliminating it all together. Part IV, the summary, proposes a two-point model that strives for both fairness and consistency. The intent is to preserve the role of the adversary system in jury selection. This should strengthen the Sixth Amendment’s guarantee of an impartial jury. I. DEFINING AN IMPARTIAL JURY The Sixth Amendment’s reference to an â€Å"impartial jury† has served as the basis for the broadly accepted definition of a jury composed of the defendant’s peers. Additionally, an impartial jury is one that will decide the case on the evidence and law given to them by the judge. This must occur even if they personally disagree with the law. The process should be free from the bias of either prosecution or defense, and the jury members should represent the class, race, and gender scheme of the community where the defendant resides. Racial diversity within a jury has been a favored method in which to bring about impartiality and the idea of procedural fairness. This understanding is based upon the statement that â€Å"diversity on the jury enhances its ability to consider a variety of perspectives in evaluating the evidence at trial, that ability is reduced when juries fail to reflect the diversity in the community from which they are drawn. † Although an adversarial process is an essential part of our legal system, the goal of empanelling an impartial jury may require more collaboration and less competition at the voir dire stage. A jury derived from a source that excludes certain people based on race is non-representative and thus unconstitutional. Racial, ethnic or other stereotypes can lead to bias and a lack of impartiality among the jury members. There have been several models used over the years to create a jury panel that accurately represents the community and offers impartial fairness. The Blank Slate model and the Merger model are amongst them. The â€Å"Blank Slate† model assumes that all potential jurors arrive in court with no knowledge of the case, prior expectations, preconceived notions, or particular dispositions. The court instructed potential jurists to set aside all personal experience on entering the courthouse. However, courts and other social scholars soon realized that it was not only impossible, but also unproductive to use jurors with no opinions available to them, aside from those presented in the court. It was recognized that â€Å"jurors come to the courthouse with a variety of beliefs and experiences, but assumes that each juror who is selected to decide the case will put aside any biases, group allegiances, or predispositions in order to decide a case impartially. † This model was also contrary to the selection of a cross-section of the community, lacking both diversity and cultural identifications. The United States Supreme Court observed, â€Å"Impartiality is a group, rather than an individual, characteristic. † This stance led to their approval of the Merger Model over the Blank Slate Model. The Merger Model focuses on the requirement that the pool of jurors itself needs to be a cross section of the community. It attempts to balance the need for everyday experience with the desirability of a blank slate with regard to the facts of the case. This model recognizes that while individual jurors may not be able to be impartial, the exchange of viewpoints and opposing opinions in the jury room will result in an impartial jury. This balancing factor recognizes and respects the differences in jurist opinions, which stem from uncommon life experience, but allows impartial compositions based on the checks and balances of a group system. Much as the ABA discovered concerning their stated goals, the model encouraged by the Supreme Court is more difficult to defend in practice than it is on paper. Opponents of the model argue that the courts can not achieve the selections of a representative cross section of the community. â€Å"A small sample of twelve or a few, even one that is randomly drawn, and particularly one that is molded by excused for cause and preemptory challenges, is unlikely to mirror the composition of the community on race, ethnic background, and gender. † A. The Venire The first step in composing an impartial jury is to ensure that the venire will draw from a cross-section of the community. Justice Thurgood Marshall wrote, â€Å"[w]hen any large and identifiable segment of the community is excluded from jury service, the effect is to remove from the jury room qualities of human nature and varieties of human experience, the range of which is unknown and perhaps unknowable. † Washington State selects jurors’ names at random from voter registration and driver’s license and â€Å"identicard† records. The use of voter registrations in the compilation of other states lists exclusively has created disparity. In a majority of other states, present jury selection procedures often result in juries composed predominantly of persons who are white, middle-aged, members of the middle and upper socioeconomic classes, and from suburban or rural areas. This results in the exclusion of African Americans, the poor, the young, and various other minority groups. The disparity created by use of voter registration is especially clear in the numbers of minorities represented on the lists. The sole use of these records is therefore tantamount to willful systematic exclusion. According to a 1980’s voting and registration report completed by the Bureau of the Census, only 35. 5% of voting age individuals of Hispanic origin in the United States registered to vote in the 1988 presidential elections. African Americans showed a higher rate of registration than the Hispanic population. However, in the United States they still had a lower registration percentage (64. 5%) than white voters (67. 9%). In areas where a sizeable minority population exists, as in California where the racial minorities together outnumber the total Caucasian population, voter registration lists are likely to be inherently under-representative of a minority populace.

The Tech That Ignited the Communication Revolution

The 19th century saw a revolution in communications systems that brought the world closer together. Innovations like the telegraph allowed information to travel over vast distances in little or no time, while institutions such as the postal system made it easier than ever for people to conduct business and connect with others. Postal System People have been using delivery services to exchange correspondence and share information since at least 2400 B.C. when the ancient Egyptian pharaohs used couriers to spread royal decrees throughout their territory. Evidence indicates similar systems were used in ancient China and Mesopotamia as well.   The United States established its postal system in 1775 before independence had been declared. Benjamin Franklin was appointed the nations first postmaster general. The founding fathers believed so strongly in a postal system that they included provisions for one in the Constitution. Rates were established for the delivery of letters and newspapers based on delivery distance, and postal clerks would note the amount on the envelope. A schoolmaster from England, Rowland Hill, invented the adhesive postage stamp in 1837, an act for which he later was knighted.Hill also created the first uniform postage rates that were based on weight rather than size. Hills stamps made the prepayment of mail postage possible and practical. In 1840, Great Britain issued its first stamp, the Penny Black, featuring the image of Queen Victoria. The U.S. Postal Service issued its first stamp in 1847. Telegraph The electrical telegraph was invented in 1838 by a Samuel Morse, an educator and inventor who made a hobby of experimenting with electricity. Morse wasnt working in a vacuum; the principal of sending electrical current via wires over long distances had been perfected in the previous decade. But it took Morse, who developed a means of transmitting coded signals in the form of dots and dashes, to make the technology practical.   Morse patented his device in 1840, and three years later Congress granted him $30,000 to build the first telegraph line from Washington D.C. to Baltimore.  On May 24, 1844, Morse transmitted his famous message, What hath God wrought?, from the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, D.C., to the B O Railroad Depot in Baltimore. The growth of the telegraph system piggybacked on the expansion of the nations railway system, with lines often following rail routes and telegraph offices established at train stations large and small across the nation. The telegraph would remain the primary means of long-distance communication until the emergence of the radio and telephone in the early 20th century. Improved Newspaper Presses Newspapers as we know them have been printed regularly in the U.S. since the 1720s when James Franklin (Ben Franklins older brother) began publishing the New England Courant in Massachusetts. But early newspaper had to be printed in manual presses, a time-consuming process that made it difficult to produce more than a few hundred copies. The introduction of the steam-powered printing press in London in 1814 changed that, allowing publishers to print more than 1,000 newspapers per hour. In 1845, the American inventor Richard March Hoe introduced the rotary press, which could print up to 100,000 copies per hour. Coupled with other refinements in printing, the introduction of the telegraph, a sharp drop in the cost of newsprint, and an increase in literacy, newspapers could be found in nearly every town and city in the U.S. by the mid-1800s. Phonograph Thomas Edison is credited with inventing the phonograph, which could both record sound and play it back, in 1877. The device converted sound waves into vibrations that in turn were engraved on a metal (later wax) cylinder using a needle. Edison refined his invention and began marketing it to the public in 1888. But early phonographs were prohibitively expensive, and wax cylinders were both fragile and hard to mass produce. By the turn of the 20th century, the cost of photographs and cylinders had dropped considerably and they became more commonplace in American homes. The disc-shaped record we know today was introduced by Emile Berliner in Europe in 1889 and appeared in the U.S. in 1894. In 1925, the first industry standard for playing speeds was set at 78 revolutions per minute, and the record disc became the dominant format.   Photography The first photographs were produced by Frenchman Louis Daguerre in 1839, using silver-plated metal sheets treated with light-sensitive chemicals to produce an image. The images were incredibly detailed and durable, but the photochemical process was very complicated and time-consuming. By the time of the Civil War, the advent of portable cameras and new chemical processes allowed photographers like Matthew Brady to document the conflict and average Americans to experience the conflict for themselves. In 1883, George Eastman of Rochester, New York, had perfected a means of putting film on a roll, making the process of photography more portable and less expensive. The introduction of his Kodak No. 1 camera in 1888 put cameras in the hands of the masses. It came pre-loaded with film and when users had finished shooting, they sent the camera to Kodak, which processed their prints and sent the camera back, loaded with fresh film. Motion Pictures A number of people contributed innovations that led to the motion picture we know today. One of the first was the British-American photographer Eadweard Muybridge, who used an elaborate system of still cameras and trip wires to create a series of motion studies in the 1870s. George Eastmans innovative celluloid roll film in the 1880s was another crucial step, allowing large quantities of film to be packaged in compact containers.   Using Eastmans film,  Thomas Edison and William Dickinson had invented a means of projecting motion picture film called the Kinetoscope in 1891. But the Kinetoscope could only be viewed by one person at a time. The first motion pictures that could be projected and shown to groups of people were perfected by the French brothers Auguste and Louis Lumià ¨re. In 1895, the brothers demonstrated their Cinematographe with a series of 50-second films that documented everyday activities like workers leaving their factory in Lyon, France. By the 1900s, motion pictures had become a common form of entertainment in vaudeville halls throughout the U.S., and a new industry was born to mass-produce films as a means of entertainment. Sources Alterman, Eric. Out of Print. NewYorker.com. 31 March 2008.Cook, David A., and Sklar, Robert. History of the Motion Picture. Brittanica.com. 10 November 2017.Longley, Robert. About the U.S. Postal Service. ThoughtCo.com. 21 July 2017.McGillem, Clare. Telegraph. Brittanica.com. 7 December 2016.Potter, John, U.S. Postmaster General. The United States Postal Service An American History 1775 – 2006. USPS.com. 2006.History of the Cylinder Phonograph. Library of Congress. Accessed 8 March 2018.