The Working Culture of Big Organizations Case Study

The Working Culture of Big Organizations - Case Study Example When MIGROS thinks of expanding abroad, I would strongly suggest India, not because it is my country, but because of the very favorable economic situation prevailing in this country, notwithstanding the depression that has engulfed most of the global markets. The mention of the name MIGROS kindles many expectations about this organization for its quality products and its philanthropic attitude towards business. MIGROS wish to serve the community. The 15th Parliament Elections have brought about the stunning victory for the Indian National Congress Party that has been pursuing the policy of liberalization in the economic front, under the leadership of Dr. Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister. He is an economist of international repute and former Governor of Reserve Bank of India. During the last five years, this country has attained rapid economic growth. He can feel the pulse of the Indian economy in the global context. Corporate performance has been stunning under his leadership. During his speech in Parliament, while presenting the Budget 1994-95, as the Union Finance Minister, he quoted Victor Hugo: "No power on Earth can stop an idea whose time has come." True to his vision, the productivity in the Indian industry grew like never before†¦now, we have a very different economy as compared what it was 10 years ago. Far from close to defaulting on its international debts, the economy is sizzling and has posted 10.4 percent GDP growth last quarter. More economic reforms, liberalization, and corporate-friendly policies are on the cards. So, I feel this is the right time for an international retail giant like MIGROS to make the entry in the Indian Market in a big way. The city of Faridabad is known all over India. The management of top commercial establishments of any country must know Faridabad. It became the 12th District of Haryana State, an important State of India, from the point of view of both industry and

Islam, Apostasy and Missions Essay Example for Free

Islam, Apostasy and Missions Essay Sharkey’s Empire and Muslim Conversion: Historical Reflections on Christian Missions in Egypt, Kieser’s Mission as A Factor of Change in Turkey (Nineteenth to first half of Twentieth Century) and Erhan’s Ottoman’s Official Attitude Toward American Missionaries and a chapter from Timothy Marr’s work â€Å"The Cultural Roots of American Islamicism†, are scholarly enterprises that provides a comprehensive details about some historical phenomenon pertaining to Christian Missionaries, Islamic world and American History. All these articles refer to missionaries’ activities in the different geographical region within Islamic world but all these indicate similarities in their social and political orientations, their patterns and procedures and their successes and failures. All the authors have tried to present different aspects of missionary activities in the Islamic world with different approaches of historiography. But mostly all of them have illustrated the Mission’s movements in the Western hemisphere of the Islamic world. Egypt and Ottoman empire during the 19th century and early 20th century with a brief references to other parts of Islamic world (Mostly Sharkey has provided succinct comparisons with Iran, Pakistan and Indonesia etc. ) hither and thither. Their methodology to explore the historical realities, to analyze the issue and to provide judgments remains different. For example, Sharkey like a distinguished historian approaches the question with professional integrity and objectivity and restrains himself from providing sweeping conclusions about the whole scenario that he has analyzed intensively and extensively. He only provides the verified and verifiable arguments in support of his thesis and tries to coverall the aspects of evolution of phenomenon of Mission activity, their triumphs and failures and applies these historical judgments to the contemporary situation and ruling tenet of Clash of Civilization. Whereas Hans-Lucas Kieser arguments lucidly without relying much on primary and secondary sources but sometimes he adopts an authoritative stance over some issue without providing any substantial proof. Although Erhan also mulls over the phenomenon of Missionary activity in the Ottoman Empire but he has considered a specific issue of Ottoman’s official attitudes toward theses Evangelical missions. Other writer like Sharkey and Kieser touch some aspects of Ottoman’s approach and policies toward these missionaries but Erhan discusses these exhaustively along with the diplomatic relations between Ottoman Empire and United States of America in the early 18th century and how these relations affected the American missionaries status in the geographical domain of Ottoman empire. Timothy Marr postulates his theory first and then draws on far-fetched intellectual arguments to support his thesis. He collects all the historical evidences that can support his thesis and arrange them in a way so that they seem converging on a single point i. e. to draw parallels between major tenets of abolitionist spirit with romantic perception of Islamic world. He takes into account the whole Antebellum period. The ultimate purposes of all the articles seem to develop an understanding of the patterns and processes of Evangelical missionaries work in the Muslim world and its implications in the contemporary scenario (except Timothy Marr that analyzes the effect of Ismaicism on antislavery movement in America). Sharkey’s work is of great importance in this regard as its intention is to trace down the roots of Missionary activity in the Anglo-American imperialism and to locate the causes of the origin of post-colonial trend of considering these missionaries as neo-crusaders and proponents of anti-Islamic neo-imperialism by the Muslim masses. Kieser’s article seems to create a justification based on historical facts and figures that Missionaries in the Ottoman empires were â€Å"actors of social and mental change†. He tries to subvert the popular Muslim notion that Christian missionaries were carters of anti-Muslim agenda. Erhan’s â€Å"Ottoman Official Attitudes Toward American Missionaries† give the impression of a complete intellectual exercise to advance some historical findings. All the writers have specified a special period of Evangelical missionary activities in a particular geographical location. Sharkey takes into account the Missionary activities in Egypt but does not bind himself to chronological limits. He covers the colonial and post-colonial eras but pays special attention to the imperialistic moves of Anglo-American nations and their correlation with the missionary activities of the Anglo-American Churches. Kieser consider the activities of ABCFM in the Ottoman Empire especially the Armenian and Assyrian provinces in the 19th century and first half of 20th century. Sharkey, Kieser and Erhan adopts the same argumentative line about the gradual evolution of missionary activity and acknowledged rightfully explained the phenomenon of Missionaries’ premature activities to convert Muslim to the Christianity, their realization of the impossibility of the efforts and diversion to other socio-religious groups and minorities in the same geographical area. Sharkey says that although Ottoman’s political moves of â€Å"liberalism and tolerance† under the Anglo American imperial influence has facilitated the missionary activities but socio-cultural compulsions remained there that hindered the way of missionaries and kept them away from an agenda of conversion. So conversion of majority Muslims was a fruitless effort. So zealous missionaries turned their attention to the Orthodox Christians of the area i. e. to convert native orthodox Coptic Christians to Protestants. Kieser has analyzed the same pattern of diversion among the missionaries of ABCFM (American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions) in Ottoman Empire. He illustrates that â€Å"The first Missionaries of ABCFM learnt early on the impossibility of evangelizing the members of Ottoman ummet†¦Their resistance to conversion was partly due the strong legal an social sanctions against conversions, but not only to that. Like the Jews, for deep historical and psychological reasons, the Muslims remained on the whole impermeable to the enthusiastic approach of the Protestants. † (Kieser, p. 392-393) He further asserts that â€Å"therefore the ABCFM concentrated its work on the Assyrians, Armenians and Greek minorities and kept in contact with Muslim marginals. † (p. 393) Erhan takes a different stance and says that the initials efforts of the American missionary were directed toward Jews living at Palestine (p. 316) but soon realized that Jew were â€Å"tight-knit religious community and thus largely immune to Christian evangelical activities† ( Erhan, p. 315) But he further illustrates that Christian missionaries were diverted to their fellow Christian with Eastern version of Christianity. All these writers have assessed the situation precisely as Quranic injunctions and â€Å"Shariah’s† rulings that consider Islam as the final version of divine religions that encompass the teachings and tenets of Christianity and Judaism. These Islamic doctrines further hold that â€Å"Murtid† i. e. convert, has no place in Islamic society. These injunctions are psychologically and emotionally absorbed in the Muslims minds so the ultimate result of apostasy was social outcast and in some cases death penalty.

The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow | Analysis

The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow | Analysis Legend of sleepy hollow is a kind of a short story which was written by Washington Irving. This story is based on a real legend and it reveals how the main character, Ichabod Crane, disappeared. It is such an effective story about the ghost in which Irving makes the audience to guess the truth beyond the matter after its end. The movie portrays the original story of Irving. At the beginning, the movie appears to be so similar to the story, but later changes to a direction different from the original plot. The real story begins in a small sleepy hollow town. It illustrates the good image containing beautiful scenery, bountiful crops together with thriving land owners. Ichabod is seen to be a local pedagogue who served as a teacher of the school house in his local area. Ichabod was recognized as a strict teacher who was quite common to the students families, more so to the families with pretty girls. In most of the fold evenings, he usually spent most of his time with the old windows that used to sit by a fire telling ghost and demon stories together with other supernatural beings. Among these stories, there was one of the legendary Headless Horseman, which was about a soldier shot off his dead by use of a cannon ball. On the horse, the ghost of this soldier redacted all over sleepy Hollow in search for his head. The head had been replaced by a Jack-o-lantern with such a fiery glow. This tale is associated with love story, or in other words, pure greed and lust story. Inchabod is found to be in love with Katrina Van Tassel. This is a girl belonging to the rich prosperous land owner, who was known as Hee Van Tessel. The pursuit of this girl by Ichabod is only for lustful and physical reasons. He is intended to be rich and hence acquire both the estate of Van Tassel and the beauty of Katrina, an aspect that made him pursue her. Unfortunately, he could not easily achieve this as Brom Van Brunt, a guy who was very handsome stood on his way. Brom was recognized for his pranks together with his act of trouble making as he rode his horse Dare Devil. Indeed, he was in love with Katrina and could not give any chance for Ichabod to marry her. On one night, Ichabod was on his way back home after attending a dance at the Van Tessel Estate. He passed through the dark woods crossing the path to his home using his old horse. Here, a headless figure emerged from the dark shadows shocking him. Ichabod ran towards the covered bridge trying to escape. Here, the horse man was expected to get into a fire burst. Unexpectedly, ichabod was flanged by the figure with its pumpkin head. The figure knocked him seriously felling him off his horse such that only remains of smashed pumpkin could be found left on the following day. At this state, Ichabod had disappeared. The story leaves all the readers in suspension reason of what went on. One could wonder, is it that Icabon was smashed into pieces or Brom marry Katrina after the disappearance of his opponent? And if so, was it the reason that made him to laugh every time pumpkin was mentioned? In respect to this, Tim Burton came up with personal vision about this legend of Sleepy Hollow. Sleepy hollow is a movie concerned about a detective, Ichabod Crane, who had a specific vision about solving crimes. Ichabod is sent to Sleepy Hollow which is a small local town. He is sent to give a solution for three people from the town. Arriving on the town, he comes across a girl known as Katrina with whom he falls in love. Brom is jealous of this. Looking at the two stories, they all begin in the same manner. The only difference is that here Ichabon appears as a detective trying to solve a mystery murder composing of three town people who had been cut their heads off and of which could not be found. The original tale of Irving is not included in this story, but highlights all what goes on. Brom is seen to pretend as the cloaked horseman. The story also introduces both witch craft and magic. The horse man is true demon behind these killings which serves under the control of witch. In this story, the greed and lust are different from the original story. They are based true witch and not in the mind of Ichabod, as the Stepmother of Katrina maintains personal reasons regarding revenging on sleepy Hollow town. The plot proves whether the horseman was real or not. The end of the story shows that Witch is killed for the sake of giving Ichabon a chance to win Katrina at the same time proving him as the hero of the story. In long run, Ichabod comes up with the solution. The headless head of horseman is brought back to him in whom he takes it back to hell together with the witch, thus overcoming the evil to prove the true twist of Hollywood. Both stories are similar in that they give the story of someone whose greed and lust ends to destruction. According to the original story, the desire of Ichabod for the estate leads him to follow after the girl, hence angers the local bully. He is destroyed by his greed. He loses both the land and the girl he aimed at. He is described to be such a greedy man capable of doing anything to meet his requirements. He is portrayed as decent man performing his missions well to fight for the rights of the people. In the story, the stepmother of Katrina is presented to be jealous. She is involved in supernatural acts in the aim of capturing all that she desires. Both stories leave us in suspense although Burton answers the questions raised. He has explained more of the ghost and supernatural demon controlled by the stepmother of Katrina. She used the headless horseman to revenge. She revenges not only to the family of Van tassel but also to all who controls the inheritance. Burton applies this line of the story to introduce the theme of greed, taking it away from Ichabod, the main character, qualifying him as the hero. The version of Washington Irving is quite appealing in both stories. He ends up applying suspense to create the imagination. He uses dark descriptions of the horseman and bright images for the town and Katrina. This is to enhance the imaginations of the readers. Despite that the two stories contains a main character that is helpless, the plot line of the movie is totally different from the original story. However, the theme presented in both is the same, that of a teacher. The original story leaves one in suspense wondering all what happened to Ichabod, while the movie leaves the audience wondering whether they can apply science to explain the event. There is a thought created by both in that we are left thinking of how demons and ghosts are possible. In conclusion, both stories end up leaving the reader with questions to answer. On top of having their similarities, they contain different ideas. They are made to be different stories by the difference in their story lines. Case Study: Mental Health Problems Case Study: Mental Health Problems The purpose of this assignment is to select a client with the diagnosis of enduring mental illness and carry out an assessment based on the presenting problem of the chosen patient and the psychosocial intervention during his treatment. From the assessment process, the problem identified will be considered along with patient coping strategy, stress, medication compliance and family intervention. The author will also identify intervention that aim to promote recovery with the patient. Gibbs (1988) Model of Reflection cited in Burns and Bulman (2000) will be utilised to evaluate the care of the patient. To maintain confidentiality and protect anonymity, a pseudonym of John will be given to the patient; this is in compliance to Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct (2008). John is a 40 year old man of Africa Caribbean origin, living independently in the community. John experiences unpleasant and hostile auditory hallucinations mainly describing his actions and his thoughts. This normally happens when he is out of the house, in public places and at shops. He claims that he also hears these voices when alone and inactive at home usually in the evenings and at night. These experiences make him feel angry and frightened. John also experiences that other people can read his mind, this is particularly true of some teenagers in his neighbourhood whom he thinks are out to get him. He receives six hours support from the support workers every week to help maintain his mental health and independence as it is the organisations philosophy to provide this support in order to allow patients to continually work towards an ordinary life. John is diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia because he suffers from stable delusions, usually accompanied by hearing voices and disturbance of perceptions (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV, 1994). The DSM IV, of Mental Health criteria for schizophrenia states that two or more of the above must be present for a significant period of time during one month period for a diagnosis to be made. John was previously admitted onto a psychiatric ward for eight months. Schizophrenia is a common disorder and has a devastating effect on sufferers and their families patients typicall y hear voices in their heads and hold bizarre beliefs. On discharge from the ward, John was offered accommodation where he could live independently with the support he wants in the community. John is the second of three children born from one father. Pregnancy and delivery were normal, and developmental milestones were accomplished on time. History of the patients father is unknown. Johns elder brother is in prison for robbery and the other has had a number of admissions to psychiatric hospital with diagnosis of schizophrenia. During assessment, John was described by his mother as a shy boy and reports never having any close friends and knew primarily the street boys he hung around with. He has had a sexual relationship with a neighbourhood girl in the past but never had a steady girl friend. John reports that he never liked school and dropped out in his early age. He has never worked and lived at home until his first admission into mental health hospital three years ago. His mother who has her own mental health problem (Depression) is his primary source of emotional support and his main carer. His medical history and examination proved him healthy as there was no record to show that he has suffered any serious aliment, however he admitted to poly drug use including alcohol, cannabis and crack cocaine. He currently smokes a pack of twenty cigarettes a day. His general health is good at this moment. Through observation and talking with John, it became apparent that he suffers from anxiety and low mood. Davis et al. (2007) stated that anxiety plays an important role in producing and maintaining dysfunction in schizophrenia but these symptoms are often overlooked or viewed as less important than the positive and negative symptoms. At present, John does not appear to be experiencing any symptoms of schizophrenia although his low mood and anxiety are something he expresses as hurdles he has to battle with on a daily basis. The medication he receives for anxiety and low mood seem not to be eliminating the symptoms he suffers, although the medications are being reviewed to determine the correct therapeutic dose he requires (Lieberman and Tasman, 2006). He lacks motivation and self esteem, and due to his level of anxiety he finds it difficult to enjoy the amenities within his local community. Full assessment to determine Johns mental health needs with specific assessments for his anxiety and low mood, where he can be supported to develop coping strategies which may assist his daily activities and engagement in activities where carried out. Assessment is an ongoing process which allows for all records and interventions to be current and up to date. Following an accurate and comprehensive assessment other elements of the nursing process such as planning, implementation and evaluation can be applied (Callaghan and Waldock, 2006). To carry out Johns care, the author carried out Krawiecka, Goldberg and Vanghu (KGV) assessment and one to one session in partnership with John and his main carer. The KGV Manchester Symptom Scale modified version 6.2 by Stuartand Lancashire (1998) is a global assessment tool that allow nurses to carry out an assessment of the service user to ascertain symptoms severity and incidence, and further to identify further ways forward in care delivery (Barker et al. 2003). By adopting this tool, the author was able to carry through the nursing process and assess to identify a broad overview of Johns needs, which aim to specific specifically clarify his problems, and assist in the nursing intervention aim to promote and enable recovery. Keke and Blashki (2006) state that mental health assessment includes symptoms, characteristics and psychological state as well as psychosocial factors applicable to the patient; consequently, the KGV is seen as an integral part of mental health assessment. This KGV tool is noted to be a global assessment tool that is used to assess an array of mental health problems, including intensity, severity and duration of symptoms within few weeks. It comprises fourteen items; the first six sections aimed at determining depression, anxiety, hallucinations, delusions, suicide and elevated mood and are based on a subjective description of their condition over the past few weeks. The other eight sections are based on the behaviour of the patient during assessment. This was fundamentally utilised as a starting point in assessing Johns mental health problems. The author was already aware of the issues relating to anxiety and depression although it was thought that at this point of the assessment, all aspect of Johns mental health needed to be reviewed; hence the use of KGV was an ideal tool to accomplish the task. With this tool, the author was able to recognise what symptoms John was experiencing and identify specific area of need which the author n eed to undertake to clarify the extent of the clients distress and symptoms. The KGV assessment tool does come with some limitation which is time consuming, though this time was spent in forming a therapeutic relationship with the patient, this is something that should be done over a series of interviews, taking in to consideration individuality of the patient and how long he can sustain interest and attention to the questions being asked. Engagement with a patient experiencing psychotic episode can extremely be problematic during assessment, like experiencing disturbances of thought, perception, mood and behaviour (Rigby, 2008). After completing a comprehensive assessment, screening tools were used to evaluate and measure severity of the identified symptoms (Stein, 2002). It was found that John was reporting issues of anxiety and depression; the author therefore decided to utilise the Beck Anxiety Inventory [BAI] by Beck (1987), to measure both psychological and cognitive component of anxiety (University of Pennsylvania, 2008), and also used the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI -1) Beck (1961) to determine the severity of depression. The BDI-1 and BAI are both self rating scale consisting of 21 items, in which patients rates the existence and severity of their presenting symptoms (Norman and Ryrie, 2005). The patient rates from 0-3, how best describes the way they have been feeling over the past few weeks and later summ ed up between 0-63. The author decided to use these scales on John to identify the severity of his anxiety and depression and was completed by him; it aims at promoting him as partner in his own care (NMC, 2008). It was also felt that both tools would enable the author to discuss problematic areas of Johns life rather than just engage in general conservation and additionally giving scope for appropriate intervention (Barker, 2003). Going through these assessment tools after the appropriate time scale will give him and the whole nursing team a report of the progress that has been achieved or any changes that can be worked on. The outcome of the screening tools used shows an indication of moderate anxiety and depression. During time spent with John, it was believed that his immediate needs in connection with these concerns were being met by the involvement of the staff and the support he receives from his mother (carer). Negative attitude by his carer about Johns diagnosis may be linked to lack of knowledge, skill or judgement (Duffin, 2003). This was not an issue for the staff providing him with professional support as all performed to a high standard offering him empowerment and informed choice, ensuring best practice in care delivery in Johns life (Department of Health, 2006). Psychosis has an enormous impact on the sufferers family and carers particularly in the first episode (Reed, 2008). Families are often distressed, confused, anxious and fearful of the patients behaviour, and what the future may hold for them as a family. The authors observation is that John was distressed and stigmatised by his family, their members presentation and behaviour and other peoples judgement about him and the family as a whole. The physical and emotional burden of care always falls on the family which may adds stress and anxiety, and attempt to come to terms with their own feelings of mental illness (Patterson et al, 2005). Families may often tackle the guilt for not recognising their beloved family members symptoms and distress earlier, while also recognising that the illness itself might procure financial burdens to the entire family. They also feel the burden of stigma of mental illness to deal with and Patterson (2005) hypothesises that families often perceive the patient as displaying odd behaviours deliberately and therefore become less empathetic, and feel that they have less control over the situation. The Department of Health (1999) recognised the importance of caring for carers and the National Strategy aimed to support people who chose to be carers, and the National Service Framework (NSF) for mental health reported levels of services to involve service users and their carers in planning and delivery of care. By considering this patient in his own terms during the care planning process, he came to terms with his psychotic experience by promising to accept his medications and keeping to appointments with the professionals, began to understand it and acknowledge ways of coping with it. This is in line with evidence based practice which sees the patient as central to all care packages with individualise care plans and multidisciplinary teamwork at the heart of care delivery (DoH, 1999 and NICE, 2002). The National Institute of Clinical Excellent (NICE, 2002) further emphasise the need for family intervention to be available to the families of patients diagnosed as being schizophre nic. Norman and Ryrie (2005) recognise families as a valuable resource for individuals that have symptoms; however if the family reacts to symptoms by being critical or by doing too much for the patient, this can equally have a negative effect on the individual. Education regarding his illness and medication was given to both John and his carer. This was undertaken in his home in an interactive, question and answer format and took several days to complete. Updates and recaps of information were given at regular intervals and they were encouraged to introduce difficulties, questions and queries as they arose. It was an interactive session as it enabled John to give consent for treatment and he contributed his own version. Educating the families / carers of a schizophrenic patient is aimed to lower the expectation of patients and may reduce the presenting symptoms. Leff (1994) and McDonagh (2005) note that one of the main contributions of stress in psychological disorder is expressed emotion from families. Having a mental illness may place limitations on patients lives; in any case, it is the negative attitudes of the other people that may help disable people with mental illness and not the mental illness itself (Seggie, 2007). The expressed emotion from formal carers such as the support workers and nurses can equally have an effect on patient as high and low expressed emotion can be present in the relationship between the nursing staff and patients resulting in possible negative effects on patients outcome (Tattan and Tainer, 2000). Expressed emotion is the critical, hostile and emotionally over involved attitude that carers have towards patients. The carer may influence the outcome of the diagnosis t hrough negative comments and nonverbal actions. This negative attitude from carers does not always help the patient to improve the state of his health. Carers with high expressed emotion are said to cause stress in psychological disorders such as schizophrenia. The stress from negative criticism and pity becomes a burden on the person with a disorder, and may relapse. Expressed emotion may be a direct factor in the relapse of a patient with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (Leff and Vaughn, 1985). Patients are more likely to relapse when there is high expressed emotion present in their living environment as was noted with John (Lopez et al. 1985). When the patient can no longer live with this kind of stress from pity, s/he may fall back into his/her illness using drugs as a way of coping. The stress from the remarks, attitudes and behaviour of the carer maybe over-whelming, because she may feel that she is the cause of the problems. The patient may fall into bad habits and forms a circle of relapse and rehabilitation. One way to escape this circle of behaviour is for the carer to be involved in behaviour family therapy together with the patient it aims to improve the health of the family with less stress and aggravation. The carer is able to learn to accept that John has an illness and may need her help to improve and remain stable hence family therapy. Educating the carer and patient about mental illness is one way that expressed emotion can become lower and no longer be an issue (McDonagh, 2005). When considering family interventions in the care of John, it was important that this includes many others relevant in his life (Berke et al., 2002). A multidisciplinary meeting of all those involved in Johns care was called, aimed at educating them that crisis can be a turning point and the start of something new. Information about the devastating cause of mental illness can take, and exacerbations of symptoms and remissions to patients and carers were given to them. All aimed at stabilising the familys environment by increasing knowledge, coping skills, and the level of support for the carer and John. Most of the therapeutic interventions offered to Johns carer involved communication training, problem solving skills, and education. The style of therapy emphasises the positive aspects of the familys coping style and avoids judgemental or blaming remarks. The aim is for collaboration between the carer and the nursing team over goals for change and a greater emphasis on the needs of John. However, Fadden (1998) criticised the narrow focus on relapse prevention at the expense of addressing the carer is widen needs. There have also been strong criticisms noted about family intervention based on beliefs that it blames families for schizophrenia, thus some family therapists have moved away from a position of trying to reduce expressed emotion by offering a message that stress exacerbates psychosis rather than causes it (Harris et al, 2002). There is contradiction that teaching family that reducing criticism lessens the chance of relapse, yet educating families that schizophrenia is an illness not caused by the family. Family intervention has been noted to improve a number of aspects of this patients social well being such as taking part in activities. John believes that voices from people who were walking closely were planning an imminent attack against him. By getting angry and shouting back at them, he believes that he had prevented a potential attack. In this case, dis traction was unlikely to be successful unless this belief is challenged in a calm and friendly way. John and the author agreed to put this belief to a test and he was later convinced that this was part of his illness. John was told to remove his mind from that thinking and belief that people were talking about him. One of Johns main obstacles in life is lack of motivation; he quiet understands that his mood would lift if he spent more time doing activities to occupy his mind. However, he finds it difficult to motivate himself into taking any form of activity but he had accepted going to his carer (mother) most weekends and to pay regular visit to the communal centre. These will enable him to think less about his delusions. According to Hogston and Simpson (2002) reflection is a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to better describe, analyse and evaluate, and so inform learning about practice. Wolverson (2000) includes that this is an important process for all nurses wishing to improve their practice. This will be investigated using the Gibbs (1988) model of reflection. On reflection on the care and interventions that John received, a person centred approach appears to be fore-most. He was at the centre of his care, his personal feelings, beliefs and values were appreciated and he was able to exercise informed choices throughout (Callaghan and Waldock, 2006). Engaging John in discussion about his illness and care, and how it is best dealt with was highly appreciated by him; and this was highly regarded by him and his carer, and it leads to improved ability to cope, improved compliance and better outcomes (Kemp et al., 1996). Relaxation techniques were taught to John as a coping strategy for his anxiety; however, although relaxation can be effective, Frisch and Frisch (1998) recognise that relaxation alone is not beneficial therefore it should be used as complimentary intervention with other therapy. Kirby et. al. (2004) acknowledge that mixed skills of staff is important, this works in conjunction with the Essence of Care Document (Department of Health, 2006) which states that training programmes and materials should be accessible and used for patients. John was supported by staff with a combination of experience and knowledge with training on Family interventions and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). CBT is a short term, problem solving based psychological treatment aimed at finding solutions to problems in every day life (Forsythe, 2008). Standard two of the National Service Framework for Mental Health (1999) specifies that clients should have their mental health needs assessed and be offered effective treatment if they require it. It is hoped that John will benefit from CBT in the future along with continuation of family intervention. Throughout the care of my chosen patient, the relationship between the author, the patient and the carer was crucial and recognised as an aspect of service effectiveness (DoH, 2001a) and that active collaboration with the family is a requirement rather than an optional extra whilst delivering care to people with enduring mental health problems. John and carer were happy with the sort of help, support and service the author gave to them when they really needed it most. Reference Barker, P. (2003) Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: The Craft of Caring. London: Hodder Arnold Beck, A.T. (1961) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-1). Beck, A.T. (1987) Beck Anxiety Inventory. (BAI). Berke, J.H., Fagan, M., Mak-Pearce, G. and Pierides-Muller, S. (2002) Beyond Madness: Psychosocial Interventions in Psychosis. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Burns, S. and Bulman, C. (2000) Reflective Practice in Nursing: The growth of the Professional Practitioner. 2nd ed., Oxford: Blackwell Science Callaghan, P and Waldock, H. (2006) Oxford Handbook of Mental Health Nursing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Davis, L.W., Strasburger, A.M. and Brown, L.F. (2007) Mindfulness: An Intervention for Anxiety in Schizophrenia, Journal of Psychological Nursing Mental Health Services, 45(11), pp. 23-30 Department of Health (1999) National Service Framework for Mental Health, Modern Standards and Service Models, Executive Summary. London: DoH Department of Health (2006) Essence of Care: Benchmarks for Promoting Health. London: The Office of Public Sector Information. London: DoH DSM-IV (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association Duffin, C. (2003) Fair game? Nursing Standard, 17(39), pp.12-13 Fadden, G. (1998) Family Intervention in Psychosis. Journal of Mental Health. 7(2), pp115-122 Forsyth, A. (2008) Implementing Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Skills in adult acute inpatient settings. Mental Health Practice. 11. 5. pp. 24-27 Frisch, N.C. and Frisch, L.E. (1998) Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, New York: Delmar Publishers Harris, N., Williams, S. and Bradshaw, T. (2002) Psychosocial Interventions for People with Schizophrenia: A Practical Guide for Mental Health Workers. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan Hogston, R. and Simpson, P. (2002). Foundations in Nursing Practice. 2nd Ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Kemp, R., Hayward, P., Applewhaite, G., Everitt, B. and David, A. (1996) Compliance Therapy in Psychotic Patients: a randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal 312, pp.345-349 Leff, J. and Vaughu, C. (1985) Expressed Emotion in Families. New York: The Guide for Press Leff, J. (1994) Working with Families of schizophrenic patients. British Journal of Psychiatry. 164. pp.71-76 Lopez, S.R., Hipke, K.N., Polo, A.J., Jenkins, J.H., Karno, M., Vaughn, C. and Snyder, K.S. (2004) Ethnicity, Expressed Emotion, Attributions and course of Schizophrenia: Family warmth matters. Journal of Abnormal Psychiatry. 113. pp. 428-439 Keke, N. and Blashki (2006) The acutely psychotic patient: assessment and initial management. Australian Family Physician. 35(3) pp.90-94 Kirby, S.D., Hart, D.A., Cross, D. and Mitchell, G. (2004) Mental Health Nursing: Competencies for Practice. London: Plgrave MacMillan Lancashire, S. (1998) Manchester Symptom Scale, modified version 6.2. McDonagh, L.A. (2005) Expressed Emotion as a participant of relapse in psychosocial disorders. Available at www.personalityresearch.org/papers/mcdonagh.html Accessed on [28 Nov, 2009] National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2002) Schizophrenia: Core Interventions in the Treatment and Management of Schizophrenia in Primary and Secondary Care. London: NICE Normal, I. and Ryrie, L. (2005) The Art and Science of Mental Health Nursing. A Textbook of Principles and Practice. Berkshire: Open University Press Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) The NMC Code of Professional Conduct: Standards for Conduct, Performance and Ethic. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council Patterson, P., Birchwood, M. and Cochrane, R. (2005) Expressed Emotion as an adaptation to loss. British Medical Journal. 318. p. 149-153 Reed, S.I. (2008) First episode psychosis: A Literature review. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 17. pp. 85-91 Rigby, P.A. and Alexander, J. (2008) Understanding Schizophrenia. Nursing Standard. 22 (28) pp. 49-56 Seggie, A. (2007) Isolated by Ignorance. Nursing Standard. 21. p. 29 Stein, D.J. (2002) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, The Lancet, 360(9330), pp. 397-405 Tattan, T. and Tattier, N. (2000) The Expressed Emotion of Case Managers of the Seriously Mentally ill Clients in the Community, their doctors and their case managers. Journal of Mental Health. 7(6) pp.621-629 Wolverson, M. (2000) On Reflection. Professional Practice. 3(2) pp.31-34Â ­

Music Listening Report :: essays research papers

When I sat down to do a Listening report last night, I started thinking, "Who am I kidding?". I am never going to push myself to listen to 15 Jazz CD’s in a week and a half, so I am going to do the remainder of my listening reports on music that I like to listen to. You may think it defeats the purpose of listening reports, but that’s not true. What these guys play may sound like heavily distorted noise, and too much yelling played at way too high of volumes to the average adult, and honestly, it is. But there is music, and every day 1000’s of kids are trying to teach themselves their favorite headliners, and that’s how we learn to play our instruments in the first place. So, now that I’ve convinced you WHY I am doing this listening report, here is the actual thing: The song (the only one by this group) on the CD is New Skin by Incubus which is really cool, because to most people it sounds a lot like rap, but to me it is a really fast-paced alternative music song because of the actual instrument playing (not featured in the basic drum tracks of rap music) and the repeated chorus, which sounds really cool because the bassist and lead vocals play and sing on a perfect 4th. The second group on the tour is Orgy. Their biggest headliner is Blue Monday, which is a really kickass remake of the David Bowie Original. Its about some guy who hated Mondays, so he went out and shot a bunch people, mostly kids I think, at some convention WAY back in the day. Then David Bowie wrote a song about it, and it was under a lot of heat. But now, Orgy made the song HUGE. It is an amazing song. Orgy has a very unique sound. They are sort of an Electro-Punk band. They have some really hardcore guitar riffs, but they also got some sweet Synth tracks and stuff like that. The best thing about them, though, has got to be their Vocal Distortions. They got this cool echo-y noise added to their voice. Orgy also performs Dissention and Gender. The next group is Limp Bizkit. These guys co-starred the tour, and performed such songs as Faith, you’ve probably heard people singing this song. Its another remake, I have no idea who wrote the original or why, but it’s a cool song, "Wouldn’t it be nice, If I could touch your body . . . ." That’s the opening of the song. They also redid an old House of Pain song, "Jump Around".

How to Protect the Environment Essay

Character is a pattern of behavior, thoughts and feelings based on universal principles, moral strength, and integrity – plus the guts to live by those principles every day. Character is evidenced by your life’s virtues and the â€Å"line you never cross.† Character is the most valuable thing you have, and nobody can ever take it away. Why Character is Important Character in life is what makes people believe in you and is essential both for individual success and for our society to function successfully. Each individual must do his or her part every day by living a life of integrity. Integrity is adhering to a moral code of honesty, courage, strength and truthfulness – being true to your word. When you don’t exhibit integrity, other people get hurt. But you hurt yourself even more. When you cheat, your â€Å"success† is false. When you break a promise, you are showing that your word is meaningless. When you lie, you deceive others and lose their respect. All of those examples destroy your reputation and break the trust others have in you. Without your good reputation and trustworthiness, your relationships fail. Relationships and Success Relationships are the foundation for success in life. For example, when you destroy the relationships with your friends, you will have no friends. You will be isolated and alone. If a student promises not to cheat, but does, he is taking unfair advantage to put himself ahead of others without deserving it. He can ruin his reputation, his academic record and his job prospects forever. When a businessman makes a promise to customers and doesn’t deliver, he destroys his relationships with his customers. His customers go elsewhere and his business fails. By breaking your relationships, you break the foundation for success in your life. What is true success? For example, who is more successful? Someone who is famous and makes a great deal of money, or someone who has no fame, makes little money, but is a great parent? Today, in school, is too much emphasis being placed on â€Å"good grades† and â€Å"high test scores† – so much so that are these things, rather than good character, how we define success? Conclusion Your good character is the most important asset you have. It takes a lifetime to build but can be lost in an instant. Once lost, it is difficult to regain. Your true character is revealed when no one else is looking. Often, people decide to act based on short term gain, or an easy fix to a problem and end up doing the wrong thing. The old adage â€Å"you are what you do† is true. Failure to consider the long term consequences of your acts can be disastrous. By study and focusing on the importance of character, you will be guided by principles, moral strength, and integrity to do the right thing. Nothing is more important for true success in your life.

A Study On Social Inclusion Adults Social Policy Essay Essay Example

A Study On Social Inclusion Adults Social Policy Essay Essay Example A Study On Social Inclusion Adults Social Policy Essay Essay A Study On Social Inclusion Adults Social Policy Essay Essay saw the closing of these establishments. This saw the motion of grownups with larning disablements out of establishments into being cared for in the community, either by their ain households or in little supported lodging being cared for by the voluntary sector. â€Å"The Same as You† scheme of 2000 ( Ref 7 ) [ three ] by the Scottish executive is committed to supplying equity, equality and societal inclusion for grownups with larning disablements. As a consequence of this scheme the local community set up the â€Å"Group† to supply socialization to assist with societal inclusion of grownups with acquisition disablements through one to one befriending and group activities. Dan lived within a atomic household unit where he was given the basic human demands of nutrient, shelter, vesture, love and socialization to populate until the age of 6. He was born into a society where it was common for immature kids with larning disablements particularly those with Downs Syndrome to be institutionalised. There was besides a societal stigma assigned to those with learning and physical disablements. Dan s household insisted in caring for him at place until school age, but his educational demands where non met. He besides suffers from â€Å"anxiety attacks† which his male parent says he developed at the age if six, when taken into the auto for the first clip. He reacted by floging out and drawing hair. The â€Å"anxiety attacks† were given by his male parent as an alibi for Dan`s riotous behavior. His behavior was tempered by his female parent, who had to be systematically by his side snuggling him and keeping his manus during his dying minutes. His parents did everything for him, until he was institutionalised. Here, he grew up where privateness, pick, self-respect where lacking and he was non allowed to take hazards. Life accomplishments, instruction and route work where non given. More frequently than non in the yesteryear, these â€Å"patients† where drugged if they showed any marks of riotous behavior. Being â€Å"locked up† life in Nightingale wa rds with communal life and lavatories may hold besides contributed to his â€Å"anxiety attacks† . These â€Å"anxiety attacks† still causes Dan to act in a ambitious mode if he feels hemmed in, particularly in crowded topographic points with no obvious agencies of flight. After 1995, when authorities schemes of shuting big establishments were implemented through the ( Ref8 ) Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and its amendments of 2003 Dan was given a place within supported adjustment as his male parent was elderly. Dan did non like to travel out unless his male parent was with him and tended non to interact with anyone when introduced. His â€Å"anxiety attacks† causes him to be agitated when his modus operandis alteration. He finds it hard to do picks unless they are limited and is non lament on seeking anything new. He is unable to read or compose, he has no life skills e.g unable to do a cup of tea, do a piece of toast, store or clean his place, he is unable to traverse the route without aid. The physical developmental phase Dan has reached is that of an grownup but the emotional phase is that of childhood between 2-12 old ages of age, likely nearer the age of seven or eight. He has been populating out with the big establishment for six old ages now but has non learned to alter his behavior consequently. This may be as a consequence of being told by his support workers that he can non make certain things as they deem certain activities to be a hazard. Staffing jobs besides contribute to the deficiency of his alteration in behavior as clip restraints in assisting Dan larn new accomplishments are frequently given as an alibi for staff non being able to help Dan try new things. So, I believe he is still institutionalised although he lives in smaller community shared adjustment. He was given no pick as to where he would populate, who he would be sharing with or who would be back uping him. With the aid of his household, before being institutionalised he was able to run into the bottom three phases as seen in Maslow`s hierarchy of demands pyramid. ( Ref9 ) [ four ] Abraham Maslow was a humanist psychologist who developed this theoretical account between the 1940s and 1950`s. He stated that human demands can be arranged in a measure ladder pyramid and that the lower degree demands must be satisfied before higher degrees can be met. This theoretical account consisted of eight phases. He stated that we are all motivated by demand as evolved over 1000s of old ages. He stated that we must fulfill these demands in bend, get downing with the first. The first demand is the physiologicalneed which is e.g holding nutrient, O, H2O, etc, the demands to let our organic structures to last. The 2nd demand is that ofphysiological and physical security, whereby there is protection from possible risky fortunes and objects. The 3rd demand is belonging and love, which is being portion of a group of household and friends in a loving state of affairs with trust credence and affection.The 4th demand is esteemwhich is regard of ego and others. The 5th demand is self realization which is gaining personal potency. The 5th demand is Cognitive demands with cognition and apprehension. The 6th demand is Aesthetic demands which is the grasp of symmetricalness, beauty, order and signifier. The 7th demand is self- actulisationwhich is gaining 1s full potency and the 8th demand is transcendency which is assisting others to carry through their possible. Dan, as functionalist sociologist ( Ref10 ) Talcott Parsons ( 1902-1979 ) argued, will hold gained his primary socialization and emotional stableness within a atomic household of two parents, a female parent and male parent, plus his siblings. Primary socialization can be defined as a agency by which the norms and values of society are taught to kids and they learn to accept these values within the household. The functionalist sociologists believe that society can be compared to a life organic structure, with different variety meats ( establishments ) holding different maps yet all working together to maintain the organic structure ( society ) alive.They consider the household to be a little version of society which operates as a societal, economic and emotional unit. The struggle theoretician believe that society is separated into two categories, with the middle class and the labor who are at odds with one another. The household, struggle theoreticians province is merely another societal establishments which contribute to the credence of societal inequality. Every member takes difference functions at certain times in the household life rhythm and struggle happens within the household when a individual challenges those functions, e.g adolescents disputing parental authorization. Dan lived in an establishment from the age of six so his secondary socialization was to larn to populate within the confines of the establishment. This socialization would hold been radically different from a household state of affairs. ( ref11 ) Research showed that concerns grew about the attention given by establishments â€Å"quality of attention provided by these establishments in footings of gross physical want ( overcrowding, hapless nutrient, vesture and environment ) , maltreatment ( ill-treatment, larceny of ownerships and over-use of medicine and restraint ) and neglect and inaction ( deficiency of attention, deficiency of contact and stimulation and extended periods of detachment and isolation†staff and client interaction and battle in meaningful activities would hold been poor.As a consequence, no opportunities where available to let Dan to travel to the following degree of Maslows Pyramid of Needs of ego regard. ( Ref 12 ) Dan was the youngest member of the household and so harmonizing to Alfred Adler this would hold affected the type of personality that he would develop subsequently on in life. The youngest are known to acquire their ain manner and to hold a stronger parent bond, which Dan did Have as he was overprotected and indulged before hospitalization. But, this cocooning can besides be claustrophobic. But, by being institutionalised, harmonizing to Erikson, his environment would besides hold affected Dan`s development and have had an impact on his behavior. The behavior Dan frequently displays can be explained by the behaviorist theory, which was named ( Ref 13 ) â€Å"Learned Helplessness† . While experimenting on Canis familiariss utilizing Pavlov`s theory of Classical Conditioning, which shows links between the stimulation and the response. Seligman discovered that erudite behavior is a consequences of the belief that the person`s actions are ineffectual. Peoples who have lived in Institutions have learned non to anticipate to hold any control over their lives. Behavioristic theoreticians believe that if behavior is learned, so it can be unlearned. Lev Vygotsky and Russian cognitive psychologist believed that development was guided by civilization and interpersonal communicating with important grownups. Bing institutionalised will hold reduced Dan`s opportunities of holding regular of import communicating with a important grownup. Vygotsky stated that to larn a scope of undertakings that are excessively hard on their ain, a ki d must be shown or guided by person who is more knowing. This became known as the â€Å"Zone of proximal development† . This assumes that the kid has the ability to memorize and the capacity to remember the erudite experience. This is non ever possible in some with a learning disablement. In the attention puting where Dan spent his life, the opportunities of a kid being challenged to larn new accomplishments would hold been diminished or non- existent. Vygotsky was the first to detect that societal isolation caused a hold in both societal and cognitive development. The â€Å"anxiety attacks† Dan suffers from can besides be explained via Operant Conditioning suggested by B.F.Skinner ( 1953 ) . Operant Conditioning is where behavior is followed by a effect. His behavior of floging out when he is dying is a consequence of positive support where ab initio this bad behavior was rewarded by having physical and emotional contact from his female parent before institutionalisation and ulterior attending from nursing staff in the establishment. Positive support is where the effect is a positive result. Now, Dan`s support staff attempt to guarantee that Dan does non come into a state of affairs that may do him dying. After the decease of his aged female parent Dan relied wholly on his aged male parent for any continued socialization, as his siblings had long left place to put up their ain household life. ( stats to be put in ) His male parent feared Dan would go stray, particularly as his male parent was going less able to take Dan out. Dan was introduced to fall in the Group by his male parent in an effort to present him to new friends, increase his assurance and better his ego regard. His clip at the group has seen his assurance addition. After traveling out into the community, Dan was instead introspective and diffident and would merely travel out in the company of his male parent. This concerned his 90 twelvemonth old male parent greatly, and so his male parent came to our administration in the hope that we could increase Dan`s societal circle. Dan was assessed by being asked a figure of inquiries utilizing PIES to set up what his Physical, Intellectual, Emotional, and Social demands were. This information was put into his activity program which we use alternatively of a Care Plan. As under the NHS and Community Care ( Scotland ) Act 1990 everyone is entitled to a attention program. Dan will hold such a program set up by the societal work section. To increase his societal circle as requested by his male parent, we included him in a figure of activities which has expanded his range of societal activity and made him less stray. Dan`s physical demands are met by societal services, but his rational demands of mental stimulation, his emotional demands of necessitating to increase his ego regard and his societal demands of societal interaction require attending. Dan has already improved his societal accomplishments through art by now pass oning good with our staff and is acute to take his work place to demo to his household and carers. His male parent has commented on how the communicating accomplishments of Dan have improved and his assurance has increased. Remembering Maslow`s Hierarchy of Needs, I had assessed that Dan would profit from making the 4th phase Esteem Needs. I felt an activity that would assist to better his assurance, his communicating accomplishments and do him less dying in a big group state of affairs would be good. I spoke to him and observed him reply my inquiries.One of my inquiries gave him a pick of activities to seek, I found that the activity he was most interested in was art. I mentor both at the art group and on an single footing, which helps grownups with larning disablements gain new accomplishments, addition assurance, better ego regard, socialization and ego realization through creativeness. Carl Gustav Jung a Swiss head-shrinker B.1875 to D. 1961 encouraged patients to utilize art to convey their unconscious emotions. He stated that ( Ref14 ) â€Å"drawing, picture, and mold can be used to convey unconscious stuff to visible radiation. Once a series has become dramatic, it can easy go through over into the auditory or lingual domains and give rise to duologues and the similar. ( 1941 ) My purpose was to seek to set get bying mechanisms in topographic point to let him to be able to take portion in the ranked unit activity which was to let him to make a work of art and to exhibit at our Malawi Awareness Evening, which we expected to be busy. This activity is to take topographic point some hebdomads off so it was of import for me to set up new art activities over a period of clip, to let him to derive assurance in being portion of a big group. My end through these activities was to let Dan the opportunity to increase his assurance and communicating accomplishments and to develop get bying mechanisms to let him to cover with his fright of big groups. I have used the ( Ref 7 ) task-centred theoretical account in be aftering this exercising ; this is a short-run job work outing attack over a short period. This had five phases- Problem Identification ( appraisal ) , Agreement, Planning ends, Achieving Tasks and Evaluation. Here, the client takes concrete action to work out the job. The Initial interview or stage allowed Dan to show his demand to hold more assurance when in a room with more people in order to be able to bask more activities. He wanted to finish a picture and to be present at its exhibition. To accomplish these ends, we agreed on the stairss and undertakings that allowed Dan to achieve his end. We emphasised the undertakings that were required to be completed to let Dan to exhibit his work of art and hold on timescales for the undertakings. Other interviews will took topographic point to guarantee that we were on path and that Dan felt safe and confident making the in agreement undertakings. With Dan`s understanding we decided to hold an hourly one to one befriending art session of three one hr Sessionss per hebdomad over four hebdomads and to increase these Sessionss to go a group session. To make this I needed to slowly present more and more people to the group. These were other service users, staff and voluntaries. With understanding of everyone involved I brought people in one at a clip each session. I did this by giving each person a day of the month and clip to fall in us at the â€Å"Group† premises. I hoped that by the terminal of the four hebdomads he would be able to sit in a room merrily with at least 12 noisy people. He had to hold a positive experience and to hold a positive association with the group. Dan enjoyed a regular cup of tea and a cocoa biscuit, so I introduced this positive experience to him in the group puting while he was painting. I ensured he sat confronting the door and informed him that he was able to go forth the room at any clip. I sat him at the terminal of the tabular array to guarantee that he did non experience hemmed in. Mentions [ I ] Mention 1: Data Protection Act 1998. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/Acts1998/ukpga_19980029_en_1 [ two ] Reference 2: Regulation of attention Act ( Scotland ) 2001 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/acts2001/asp_20010008_en_1 Mention 3: Health and Safety at Work Act 1974: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hse.gov.uk/legislation/hswa.htm Mention 4: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.childdevelopmentinfo.com/learning/learning_disabilities.shtml # What is a larning disablement? Reference5: NHS and Community Care Act 1990 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts1990/ukpga_19900019_en_1 Mention 6: The Human Rights Act 1998: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1998/ukpga_19980042_en_1: Mention 7: The Same as You scheme: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scotland.gov.uk/ldsr/docs/tsay-01.asp Mention 8: Disability Discrimination Act 1995: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2005/en/ukpgaen_20050013_en_1.htm Mention 9: Maslow: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.businessballs.com/maslow.htm [ three ] Reference 10: Talcott Parsons: Elizabeth Bingham + . ( 2009 ) . Sociology of Family. In: Heinemann HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh: Heinemann. 124 -125. Mention 11: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kent.ac.uk/tizard/staff/documents/Mansell % 202003 % 20JARID % 20Resident % 20involvement.pdf Mention 12: Elizabeth Udall. ( 1996 ) . How the household picking order affects you. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.independent.co.uk/life-style/how-the-family-pecking-order-affects-you-1363578.html. Last accessed 28/03/10. [ four ] Reference 13: Elizabeth Bingham + . ( 2009 ) . Working in Partnership with people who have a Learning Disability.. In: Heinemann HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh: Heinemann. 266 -267. Mention 14: Cathy A. Malchiodi. ( 2007 ) . Creativity- Pulling on Process. In: McGraw-Hill Art therapy Sourcebook. 2nd erectile dysfunction. New York USA: McGraw-Hill. 65.